H.P. Blavatsky: The Sphinx of the Nineteenth Century

Printed in the   Fall 2025  issue of Quest magazine. 
Citation: Hartmann, Franz   "H.P. Blavatsky: The Sphinx of the Nineteenth Century"   Quest 113:4, pg 43-50

By Franz Hartmann

Translated from the German by Robert Hutwohl

Franz Hartmann (1838‒1912) was a German physician and Theosophist who was a close associate of H.P. Blavatsky. For more about Hartmann, see Susanne Hoepfl-Wellenhofer’s article, Franz Hartmann: A Pioneer of the German Theosophical Movement,” in Quest, winter 2022.

This article is a translation of H.P. Blavatsky. Die ‘Sphinx’ des 19. Jahrhunderts” (“H.P. Blavatsky: The ‘Sphinx’ of the Nineteenth Century”), originally published in Lotusblüten 1, no. 7 (April 1893), 305‒40. This article was reprinted as “H.P. Blavatsky,” Theosophischer Wegweiser (Calw, Germany: Schatzkammer-Verlag, n.d.), 93‒96, 125‒27, 148‒51. It was republished as Helena Petrowna Blavatsky, die Sphinx des 19. Jahrhunderts. Calw-Wimberg, Germany: Schatzkammerverlag Hans Fändrich, n.d. Translation copyright ©2022 by Robert Hütwohl.

Some details in this article misstate certain biographical facts about HPB. We have left them intact as Hartmann wrote them.

This article first appeared in Quest, summer 2022.

 

The restoration of the true spiritual church cannot be accomplished by human effort and human wisdom, but solely by the manifestation of the spirit of truth within humanity.

One of the most significant appearances of this century, and probably the strangest of all, was that of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, née Hahn. She was the soul of the Theosophical Society, founded by her in collaboration with Colonel H.S. Olcott and others, which spread its branches over the whole earth in a relatively short time.

But this is probably the least of their merits. The main point is that the doctrines revealed by her and spread by her disciples have brought about a major change in the general worldview. This shift is taking place in all areas of religion, science, and philosophy, and is ever increasing. There is no doubt, therefore, that H.P. Blavatsky’s name will sooner or later find its due place in world history. The encyclopedia of conversation will contain as many lies about her character as it does about Cagliostro, Paracelsus, and other characters who were not understood by their contemporaries because they were above the mindset of their time. A noble soul can only be known and understood by noble souls; wickedness sees nothing in the noblest but its own image. Just as it is the destiny of every great mind to be misunderstood, ridiculed, and maligned in this foolish earthly world, so too was the case with Blavatsky. The ideals she presented were far too lofty for the narrow, vain, and selfish to comprehend, and every tiny newspaper writer thought himself entitled to judge them, though he had not the slightest idea what they were.

She was persecuted and betrayed throughout her life, and occasionally after her death. One begins to recognize her high spirit and the philanthropy which permeated her. The “pious” are beginning to realize that what she taught is identical with the teachings of the wisest among the saints of the church, and that they are never against true religion, but only against the rubbish adhering to it, against what religion claims to be but actually is not.

The philosophers who are capable of recognizing the spirit of the teachings declared by the philosophers of India begin to realize that without their own possession of this truth, all so-called knowledge is but a dream, a blind speculation and hiding in the dark.

As for modern science, insofar as it relates to the investigation of the nature and essence of man, it too begins to awaken from slumber, rub its eyes, and find that there are things of which it is so far unable to make out any idea.

For all of this, we must primarily thank the suggestions of H.P. Blavatsky, although some now adorn themselves with her feathers but are hostile to her memory and bring her proclamations onto the market under a different name as their own product.

Today the light whose condensing lens was H.P. Blavatsky enlightens some places where only a few years ago Egyptian darkness prevailed. Instead of knowledge based on mere hypotheses and theories, true and original knowledge has begun to take hold, which, unlike the scholasticism of former times, does not refer to mere appearances, but to the core of truth which pervades everything.

Blavatsky was a creature of whom it is not possible to form an even remotely accurate concept by hearsay alone; her talents were of a kind that is seldom found, and the wild rumors spread about them were likely to arouse suspicion. Anyone who personally came upon her could, unless he had a bias, only speak of her with admiration. For those who cannot comprehend the mysteries of inner human nature, she must remain a riddle; but for those who were able to penetrate into the sphere of their own thoughts and feelings, their soul was an open book of which nothing was hidden. A poet of modern times admirably says:

There are two natures in every person.
One is a child of daylight,
It shows traces of the sun everywhere,
There is nothing dark and nothing obscure.
You can see through them to the core,
You do not find anything strange, there is no riddle,
There is insight, clarity and trust,
It is crystal clear, simple, clear as day.

The other is as though it was born out of the night,
You do not know them and no one is measuring them;
Inspection and reason shall be defiled against her,
She is a strange guest within her own house.
Intangible, she throws into the realities
Her flickering and mad play of shadows,
Like dreams which pass through the bright day,
Tangles the threads and hexes the target.

Learned critics have only tried to analyze the “other nature” of H.P. Blavatsky; her one simple and true nature was not apparent to those critics.

Today there are still enough people who know nothing about Theophrastus Paracelsus except that he got physical exercise in his leisure hours by waving his sword in the air; they believe that this was his only occupation. They realize that he left only buckskin pants upon his death, but his philosophy does not exist for them.

Likewise, Blavatsky’s critics could only see the mask of her personality, since in order to know the spirit, one must be in contact with one’s own spirit. Like other human beings, Blavatsky was a person in whom a spiritual individuality manifested. The biography of this spiritual individuality includes many reincarnations, whose events are beyond our observation. But the following may perhaps give us an inkling of how such reincarnations take place.

In 1831 a wealthy lady lived in Ekaterinoslav, Russia, in great seclusion, who only socialized with a few acquaintances, including the wife of a colonel, Peter Hahn, later the mother of H.P. Blavatsky. Not much was known about her other than that she was very charitable and greatly concerned with mystical things. As a result, she was regarded by many with superstitious awe.

Although she was in the best of health, one day this lady informed some of her friends that she was about to die but would reincarnate again shortly. The next morning, she was found dead in her room, but the doctors could not find a satisfactory explanation for her sudden death. On the same morning, Helena Petrovna Hahn was born.

Whatever may be thought of it, witnesses have confirmed that when the child learned to walk, her favorite outing was to the grave of the late lady, and that the girl repeated verbatim to her mother various confidential conversations her mother had had with that lady before Helena was born. It has been asserted that this spiritual individuality was an Indian in a still earlier incarnation, but such speculations have no further value. If we mention them at all, it is only to alert the reader to the possibility of such reincarnations and the fact that they can be remembered.

Helena’s father was the already mentioned Colonel Peter Hahn, and her mother was née Helene Fadeyev, a niece of the privy councilor Andrei Fadeyev and Princess Helene Dolgoruky. Relatives relate the strangest things about her youth, for which “exact” science has no explanation and with which our scholars will most readily come to terms by regarding them as invented.

Several anecdotes relating to this can be found in A.P. Sinnett’s Incidents in the Life of Madame Blavatsky. Here we only emphasize that she was clairvoyant from an early age. For example, a murderer hidden in a haystack was once discovered using her information. This feat cost her father a large amount of money to appease the Russian police, who of course assumed that if Colonel Hahn had not known about the murder himself, such a discovery could not have taken place.

Little Helena seemed to be served by invisible forces. Objects she desired but could not reach, came to her, carried by invisible hands; she read the minds of those present like an open book; and prophesied events came true later. She was indeed a prodigy, an object of admiration and to the superstitious, of fear.

Since she was a Russian by birth, her nature had various peculiarities particular to the Russian nation, especially a high degree of perseverance and willpower, which degenerated into stubbornness. There was nothing she could not achieve when she wanted it.

This quality led to her marriage to sixty-year-old General Nikifor Blavatsky, a former governor of Erivan [present-day Tbilisi] province in the Caucasus. When she was nineteen, her governess said, “You are such a stubborn thing that you can never get a man; not even old General Blavatsky would marry you”; so she wanted to show her governess that she was wrong.

Not long after, she got the general to ask for her in marriage, and soon afterwards, in 1848, the marriage took place. But when, after the wedding, he wanted to display his marital affection, her nature revolted. When he became unwelcome, she was beside herself. Knocking him to the ground with a silver candlestick, she fled on horseback in the dark of night, believing she had killed him.

But General Blavatsky was not dead; he made a full recovery but resolved that it would be better to consent to a divorce than to live any longer with so dangerous a wife. After this event, Blavatsky traveled, spending many years in Central Asia, South America, Mexico, and Africa. She met a Copt in Egypt who taught her the “secret” sciences; she visited the United States, Japan, and India and attempted to enter Tibet in 1852, but did not succeed until 1856, when she remained there for three years.

In this short sketch, it is not our intention to give a detailed description of Blavatsky’s experiences. What appears to be the most interesting period in her life, from 1867 to 1870, is shrouded in mystical darkness. At that time, as she told her confidants, her body was in Tbilisi, in a state in which her outward consciousness returned only intermittently, while her inner “I” was in Tibet, maintaining her self-conscious existence in association with her teachers. She said, “I was divided into two personalities at the time. When I left my sick body in Tbilisi, I was a person who cared nothing for H.P. Blavatsky and did not even take notice its existence. When I awoke as H.P. Blavatsky, I was what I had been before, but remembered with reverence that second person.”

We leave it to our philosophers, if they know anything about the constitution of human nature, to account for this dichotomy, or, if they know nothing of such things, to only laugh at it. Dealing with Blavatsky featured a daily series of unexplainable events. For example, the writer of these lines often received answers to his thoughts from her; letters were written by invisible hands on paper in front of him; and manuscripts locked in boxes were corrected in an inexplicable way.

Once, for example, I was sitting in a corner of the room while Blavatsky was busy writing in another corner. I wondered what had become of one of my friends who had died in America. Blavatsky handed me a piece of paper, on which, while I had been thinking, she copied a well-chosen portrait of my friend, Mrs. K.W., as she lay in death. Beside it stood a strange-looking elemental, which seemed to await the departing astral body of the dying person, while the entrance of the spirit into the divine was indicated by a rainbow whose end lost itself in the sky.

Even as a child, Blavatsky wrote “ghost communications.” But one would be wrong to take her for a believing spiritualist; on the contrary, she scoffed at the spiritists’ belief in spirits and gave completely different explanations about the occurrence of such things. The following may serve as an illustration. She says:

When I was a young girl, I often saw the “ghost” of my aunt, who had moved to Germany with her son many years ago and who was believed to have died, since nothing was heard from her. This “ghost” wrote through my hand in German (which I had never learned), and in my aunt’s handwriting (which I only saw later), told us how she had died. She also gave the details of her funeral and the text which the pastor had preached on that occasion. In addition, the “spirit” of her son came and informed us that he had ended his earthly life by a suicidal hand and now deeply regrets this step, because he would have to suffer a lot. He also asked for the helpful prayers of those present. Everything was very touching, until it turned out that the aunt was alive and well in Berlin, and her son was also safely employed in a shop in London.

Blavatsky explained that once the germ of an idea has begun to develop in the mind, it develops according to a certain regularity, just as hearing a shot by a sleeping man leads to a dream about a whole murder story and may give rise to a series of consistent ideas, in which there is no truth. The brain, if not supervised by reason, works in a similar way, like a music box, which once set in motion, plays one particular piece and no other; no spirit of a dead person needs to be involved.

Such explanations were not at all to the liking of certain spiritists, who were enthusiastic about dealing with the “dear departed” and did not want to be disturbed in their sweet dreams in a fool’s paradise. So it was that Blavatsky, while being decried as a spiritualist by the unbelievers, had the spiritualists themselves as their worst enemies, who took every opportunity to blaspheme her.

Blavatsky, for her part, fought spiritist superstition using the weapons of reason. She did not deny the “miracles” that the spiritualists marveled at but only disputed their interpretation. In all circumstances, the spiritualists ascribed these phenomena as the action of the spirits of the dead, but she explained them in a natural way. In order to prove that any person endowed with the necessary faculties, could produce these phenomena himself without the help of spirits, but since she had this talent, she produced them. For this reason, she was soon decried as a swindler by people who knew nothing of such things and did not understand why she acted this way. Among these ignorant ones were the majority of the world’s newspaper writers.

Blavatsky claimed not only to be in possession of such powers—not “supernatural,” but extraordinary—but also to be in contact with certain people, her teachers, the “Masters” or “Adepts” in Tibet and Egypt, who possessed the same and even higher spiritual powers. Indeed this seemed to be the case, since many people (including the author) frequently received “occult letters” from these teachers, who enlightened them about various subjects.

Such letters often seemed to suddenly pass from Professor Zöllner’s fourth dimension into the third dimension, that is, from the subjective world, invisible to us, into the visible objective world. They came unbidden and unsolicited, and often just at that moment when good advice was needed.

The discovery of these facts, however, gave rise to new misunderstandings. While those who were far from the matter fancied that Blavatsky was cheating her followers with sleight of hand, a multitude of devotees clung to these Tibetan Adepts, or, as they called them, “Mahatmas,” with a superstitious deification, regarding them not as men but as gods.

Among these superstitious devotees were some eminent members of the Theosophical Society, and it was precisely these who, when the storm over H.P. Blavatsky finally erupted, fled in cowardly flight, because this storm dashed the foolish idols they had created for themselves.

What Blavatsky herself thought of these conditions will perhaps be made clear by the following extract from one of her letters to the author:

Würzburg, April 3, 1886

Dear friend! Unfortunately, what you write about the mischief that is being done with the so-called “Mahatmas” is absolutely right. Haven’t I watched these follies for eight years? Didn’t I buck and fight N.’s* exaggerated fantasies, trying every day to get him to dampen his exaggerations? Wasn’t he told, as you know, that if he doesn’t see our teachers for what they really are and stops inflaming people’s imaginations with his exaggerations, he’s putting all the responsibility on himself for all evil that befalls us? Wasn’t he told even then that there were no such “Mahatmas,” who, he believes, hold Mount Meru on their fingertips and physically fly about in the air at will? I foresaw everything that would come out of his exaggerations; I have fought against it in vain, and despairing of my helplessness, I finally gave up the fight.

* In the original letter, she names Colonel Olcott. Hartmann replaced his name with “N.” so as not to offend Olcott. Further on in the same letter, HPB praises Olcott for all the good he has done. (Translator’s note.)

I was sent to America for a specific purpose. There I met N. engaged in spiritistic investigations and just as much in love with the “spirits” as he later was of the adepts. I was commissioned to show him that whatever happens in the “mediums” through their “spirits” enables others to do so. The ringing of “astral bells,” mind reading, “spirit tapping,” and the like can be accomplished by anyone without the help of “spirits” if he has the ability in his physical body through the organs of his astral body. All my family have known that I have had this ability since I was four. I could move furniture without making visible contact with it and make objects fly around in the air while my astral arms, which held those things, remained invisible.

I told N. that I met the adepts in India, in Egypt and Spain, and that they are persons who still live there today, and that calling these people “yogis,” “Rosicrucians,” or “Kabbalists” would not change the matter. These adepts were men who lived withdrawn and in quiet and did not associate themselves fully with anyone, unless one had (as I did) undergone seven and ten years of probation, and during that time had shown complete devotion and proved that one could keep silent even in the face of impending death. I fulfilled these conditions, and am—what I am.

All I have been allowed to say is that beyond the Himalayas, where there lives a core of adepts who belong to different nationalities and are known to the Teshu [Tashi or Panchen] Lama. I know several of them personally and said that they could do amazing things but that they did not dare to please the curiosity of a fool. As N. and X. [unknown] heard about these things, they became obsessed.

Then came D. [probably Damodar] and other fanatics who started calling the adepts “Mahatmas.”† Little by little, as we became friends, the adepts were turned into gods. They began to be invoked and worshiped, and made more and more fabulous and supernatural. Some Hindus imagined that these adepts were their ancient rishis, who had never died and were over 700,000 years old, that they lived invisibly in sacred trees, and when visible appeared with long green hair and bodies made of moonshine.

 †Mahatmas, from maha, “great,” and atma, “spirit.” This means something like a great spirit, a high genius, and corresponds to the German expression Euer Hochwohlgeboren (“Your Highness.” Hartmann’s note.)</FN>

Between these madnesses on the one hand and N.’s crushes on the other hand, what could I do? With horror and anger, I saw the wrong way they took. They believed that the “masters” must be omniscient, omnipresent, and omnipotent. If a Hindu or Parsee desired a son or a job, the “Mahatmas” should help him to get it, and if it didn’t, he felt he had been wronged by the “Theosophical Society.” When any foolish thing was done, he said, “Why don’t the Mahatmas take better care of him?”

That these adepts were human beings whose fortunes might be finite did not enter the minds of their admirers. The root cause of all this ignorance lies in the general ignorance of human nature, and in the failure of modern science and religion to give people anything better, higher, and nobler than a striving for money and reputation. Put that fact on one scale, and the confusion which modern spiritism has created in many minds on the other, and the riddle is solved.

Yours, etc. H.P.B.

In this we fully agree with Blavatsky’s views. The world in general was not mature enough to understand the theosophy she proclaimed. The eyes of our scholarly world, accustomed to the darkness of ignorance, could not endure the light which spread the Adepts’ teaching; it was unable to follow the high flight of the Himalayan eagle. Unable to grasp the spirit of wisdom, it curiously sought the source from which that wisdom flowed so as to throw dirt on it.

Here the author cannot fail to add in parenthesis, that when he came to Germany in 1884, he found the same silliness and exaggerations among the members of the Theosophical Society at that time. The attempt to bring them back to the correct level failed. They wanted to believe either in supernatural miracles or in nothing at all; they wanted either ubiquitous “Mahatmas” or no teachers at all. When they realized that their wildest expectations about the adepts’ personalities were wrong, the swarm of “wisdom seekers” grabbed the banner and scattered it about like chaff in the wind. People threw the baby out with the bathwater and wanted nothing more to do with real wisdom, since the only ideal of wisdom they were looking for consisted in satisfying scientific curiosity.

Let’s go back to Blavatsky. In New York in 1875, in association with Colonel H.S. Olcott and others, she founded the Theosophical Society, whose special purpose was the study of the literary treasures of the Orient and the secret sciences. This study soon made it clear that the ancient Indians possessed knowledge of which the modern worldview does not even understand the rudiments. This fact was highlighted by the appearance of two volumes by Blavatsky entitled Isis Unveiled. This book, like The Secret Doctrine, which appeared later, contains many citations from works which Blavatsky has never seen, yet these citations are all correct—even the page numbers given—which lends credence to Blavatsky’s claim that she saw these quotations in the astral light.

Moreover, the contents of this book proved that she was initiated into the higher mysteries of Freemasonry, although, as is known, these degrees are not accessible to the female sex in the usual way.

Her revelations astounded the whole of America, and what was said about the “occult phenomena” produced by her power soon gave rise to the most outlandish rumors. Then began the persecution of the Theosophists by the part of the press which voluptuously appropriates any gossip just to deliver something sensational to its readers, regardless of any injustice done to the cause of truth. Just as the big dogs beyond the oceans barked, so the little mutts gaped by the side. Only Blavatsky herself took no part. There was nothing so untrue and silly that was not printed by newspaper writers and devoured by faithful readers. The more honorable of such papers, such as the New York Sun, later retracted the accusations they brought; other newspapers, including German ones, would be advised to do the same.

But after all, what does a person’s reputation matter? In this case, its importance lies only in the fact that such slanders may prevent those who believe them from examining and taking advantage of the doctrines which the person in question has proclaimed. This consequence confirms Blavatsky’s teaching that every act and every omission falls back on the one who commits it.

An old proverb says: “Where God builds a church, the devil builds a chapel next to it.” The more you can use a thing, the more you can abuse it. The spread of Christianity, the religion of philanthropy, had in its wake the atrocities of the Crusaders, trials of heretics, burnings at the stake, and the Inquisition. Western audiences’ glimpses of certain Eastern teachings gave rise in some places to a renewed addiction to forbidden knowledge. Some even believed that schools should be set up to teach the preparation of love potions, gold making, witchcraft, and magic.

Many a man, when he saw his wild expectations deceived, declared himself deceived. But it is not the fault of truth that it is misunderstood, nor the fault of liberty that it is misused. To prevent all the evil that could possibly arise from the spread of enlightenment, there would be no other means other than spiritual slavery, the quiet of the churchyard, which is the ideal of stupidity.

The light diffused by Blavatsky created life and threw deep shadows upon those who ventured into her sphere filled with conceit and selfishness. Yet Blavatsky had not come to bring peace to fools, but rather the sword of knowledge, which threatens to destroy foolishness.

Since the main direction of the Theosophical Society was to learn about the secret sciences of the East, it was decided to move the Society’s headquarters to India. The move took place in December 1878. Blavatsky took up residence first in Bombay and then in Adyar, near Madras. In India she was received with joy, and rajas and maharajas courted her favor. The natives regarded the members of the Theosophical Society as their liberators, as the restorers of their religion and national autonomy, which had been lost through the caste system. Colonel Olcott never grew tired of trumpeting to the world the merits of ancient Aryavartha [the abode of the aryas, or noble ones] over that of modern civilization. The Indians, for so long oppressed by Europeans and accustomed to looking up to them as demigods and objects of fear, now saw Europeans showering them with praise and courting their favors. As a result, in a short time many Indians imagined they were just as good as any European—indeed much better.

Blavatsky’s teachings—or what which was thought to be her teachings—spread rapidly in India; thousands followed Colonel Olcott’s banner. These circumstances led to a sour period for the Christian missionaries, who now saw the field of their activity as “converters of pagans” becoming smaller and smaller, so that Blavatsky’s removal became a burning existential question for them. Indeed the “pagans” began to revert from the Christian church back to Brahminism. The more the people came to know the true spirit of Christianity, the more they believed it to be found in the Buddhist community, or in Advaita philosophy, rather than in Christian sectarianism.

The missionaries’ main concern was to undermine Blavatsky’s reputation, or at least to make her unpopular, for her teaching could not be attacked without destroying her personally, since this teaching forms the basis of every religion and therefore also that of Christianity.

In order to harm Blavatsky personally, the missionaries were offered a favorable opportunity through their connection with a housekeeper of the Theosophical headquarters, who was later dismissed and with whom Blavatsky had dealt confidentially. She had carelessly written a number of letters to this person, mocking the fanaticism of some of her worshipers, calling one a “fool” and the other a “dreamer.”

Although the characteristics she gave were absolutely correct for the cases in question, it was assumed that the Theosophists whose vanity had been offended would withdraw from H.P. Blavatsky after the publication of these letters. The missionaries therefore brought forth these letters and published them with many alterations and additions.

This well-prepared publication enraged the world’s press. “Revelations” were babbled about. Perhaps never since the time when theologians argued over whether or not Adam had a navel have so much ink and paper been wasted on so insubstantial a subject as when it was imagined that the self-knowledge of truth was dependent on believing in the credibility of Blavatsky’s personality.

The missionaries’ intrigue worked to the advantage of spreading the Theosophists’ reputation throughout the world and bring new members into the Theosophical Society. Nonetheless, some who were less discerning but all the more enthusiastic and whose whole theosophy consisted in a blind faith in Blavatsky’s personality (and in a thirst for the gratification of curiosity) were misled and denied the truth before the rooster had crowed to announce the dawn of the day of knowledge.

What Blavatsky taught was something like this: “The world is caught up in a dream life or a make-believe life; true life only begins when man truly recognizes himself. Do not think that true knowledge is what you think you know, because someone else has said it is so-and-so, or because it seems so-and-so. A mere opinion, hypothesis, or theory is by no means your own knowledge. Don’t look for the truth in the multitude of opinions, but in truth itself, which is simple. Listen to the word of truth, which speaks within you, and to the voice of silence, which can only be heard when the storm of passions has calmed down. Opinions are ephemeral and changeable, but the truth revealed in one’s higher self-awareness is eternal. Strive for purity and unity so that the Spirit of Truth may manifest within you. Believe this teaching, not because I preach it, but because you know the truth of it in your heart.”

Instead of following this advice, people argued about whether the occult letters they and others had received from the adepts were genuine or not, and whether the Mahatmas really existed; otherwise one could not believe the teachings.

“Do not concern yourself with appearances, but seek true being,” Blavatsky stressed. “All that is perishable is but a parable; appearances prove nothing other than that of appearing. After all, if someone were to shake the sun to prove a lie to be true, that would prove nothing other than that the person can shake the sun, but not that the lie is the truth.”

Instead of understanding this, people argued about whether certain occult phenomena produced by Blavatsky were real or sleight of hand, and they wanted to make belief in the wisdom teachings that she proclaimed dependent on this. The headquarters of the Theosophical Society became the scene of a fool’s comedy, in which the missionaries stood in the place of the clowns. The whole world raved about the “revelations” in Adyar, although none but the initiated seemed to know what they were about.

A member of a “scientific club” devoted to mind reading and the study of ghost stories (the “Society for Psychical Research” in London) came to India to play the role of an “expert” in giving his verdict about the source of Blavatsky’s wisdom, and whether the letters she and others received from the adepts were really written by those adepts or by Blavatsky herself.

Since the adepts did not appear before him to prove their authorship to him, and since he could not measure the depth of Blavatsky’s thought with a yardstick, he found no other way of avoiding damaging his reputation as an “expert” than to declare the whole thing a fraud. He wrote a book about how he imagined that this and that could have been done by sleight of hand, but with no further proof other than that it was done that way.

Going into the details of this comedy again would be a waste of time. Suffice it to say that in view of this report, Blavatsky was unanimously declared by this association as “the greatest fraudster of the century”—a declaration trumpeted in all directions as an ipse dixit of science and preyed upon by the faithful. Nowadays, however, the opinions of most of the members of that society have changed as well.

At the time, the impression made on Blavatsky by all these suspicions was not particularly pleasant. She was ill at the time, and a consultation with eminent medical authorities determined that she could not live another twenty-four hours. Since it was known that she wished to have her body cremated upon her death, official permission for the cremation was obtained. But the following night, her health was miraculously restored, and instead of being burned, she decided to make a change of air by traveling to Europe.

A few days later, she left for Naples, accompanied by the author of these lines and a companion, lived for two months in Torre del Greco at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, then went to Würzburg, later to Ostend, and finally to London, where she founded her magazine Lucifer and completed her great work The Secret Doctrine, after receiving much of the manuscript of this work from invisible hands and in an “inexplicable” way at the above-mentioned places, as well as on board the steamer during our crossing from Madras to Naples (although the world has not heard of this circumstance until now).

Her activity in London gave rise to a new revival of Theosophical societies in England and throughout Europe. To the extent that their teachings were understood, prejudices against them declined. Although in her lifetime the booksellers of London refused to undertake the sale of her writings for fear of causing offense, today they quarrel over publishing them.

On May 8, 1891, H.P. Blavatsky died, surrounded by her friends and disciples, at the European headquarters of the Theosophical Society in London, without any particularly conspicuous antecedent ill health.

It is possible the great spirit who was so active through her personality for a long time and worked with such great success for the spiritual evolution of humanity will sooner or later appear again in a different human shell as a new herald of eternal truth.

Robert Hutwohl lives and researches in Santa Fe, New Mexico. He is currently translating a large number of Franz Hartmann’s articles from various journals into English. In 2001 Robert published Bibliography of Franz Hartmann, MD, with an Addenda: His Stay in Georgetown, Colorado. He is working on a project which can only be described as “an edification towards escape velocity for chelas.” He has also been working on research concerning Atlantis and various studies on Gautama Buddha’s important text, the Kalacakra-tantra or Wheel of Time tantra, and its commentary, the Vimalaprabha.


From the Editor's Desk - Winter 2026

Printed in the Winter 2026  issue of Quest magazine. 
Citation: Smoley, Richard "From te Editor's Desk"   Quest 114:1, pg 2

richard-smoleyArtificial intelligence (AI) is both the hero and the villain of the current scene. It has enabled virtually anyone to have access to an enormous amount of information accumulated over centuries.

But AI is also the source of anxiety, much of it justified. An article in The Wall Street Journal of October 28, 2025, has the headline, “Tens of Thousands of White-Collar Jobs Are Disappearing as AI Starts to Bite.” The white-collar world is suffering from effects of automation like those that hollowed out blue-collar employment.

I’m not qualified to comment on the effects of AI from a socioeconomic standpoint. Instead, I would like to discuss some of the fears that AI is arousing on a deeper level.

People fear that the AI will soon overtake human intelligence, if that has not already happened. This is a dismaying thought, but in my opinion for very different reasons than is usually imagined.

Over recent decades, psychologists have concluded that there are many types of human intelligence. Daniel Goleman popularized one in his 1995 book Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. Since then, psychologist Howard Gardner has delineated nine different types of intelligence: bodily-kinesthetic; existential; interpersonal; intrapersonal; linguistic; logical-mathematical; musical; naturalist; and spatial. (Douglas Keene goes further into these types in this issue’s “Viewpoint.”)

It is very far from clear to what extent AI will be able to reproduce all these forms of intelligence. No doubt it can create a kind of simulacrum of interpersonal intelligence, for example, but it would be foolish, I think, to overestimate its capacities even here. If, as we commonly hear, 93 percent of communication is nonverbal, how exactly is AI going to simulate that?

Gardner’s list, however comprehensive, leaves out the most important form of intelligence, which in the old days was called the common sense: the ability to integrate all of these sensory inputs into a coherent view of the world.

In a paper from 1950, the computer scientist Alan Turing asked, “Can machines think?” He proposed what has come to be known as the Turing test: A given set of questions is given to both a human being and a computer. Their answers are compared. Is it possible, Turing asked, for a machine to give answers that are indistinguishable from those of a human being? He believed it was: arguably, then, the machine is capable of what could be called consciousness.

Since then, any number of computer programs have passed the Turing test admirably. Are these machines capable of thinking in the way a human is? Turing might have thought so. I leave you to answer the question for yourself.

Turing delivered his paper when behaviorism was at the peak of its influence in Anglo-American thought. Behaviorism, in certain forms, characterizes all of human consciousness in purely exterior terms: your feeling of anxiety is nothing more than your disposition to express certain forms of external behavior, verbal and nonverbal. An extreme version would say that your having a dream consists of nothing more than your disposition to say you have had that dream after you awaken.

Contrary to this purely exterior concept of human consciousness, I would say that it is complex and mysterious enough to be beyond mechanical reproduction, at least in any technological form that we can presently imagine.

All the same, there is something disturbing about the fear itself. Are human beings so mechanized at this point that they sincerely believe that their minds are nothing more than giant computers? Certain technocrats may well believe this, but that would say more about them than about the reality.

Another, deeper fear is that of AI as a sinister, evil intelligence that could overwhelm and enslave us all. I have my doubts in this regard as well: for the foreseeable future, humans will still have the power to pull the plug on the machine.

But I believe this fear of domination by mechanical intelligence (expressed, for example, in Fritz Lang’s film Metropolis, as Ray Grasse points out in this issue) is a displacement of a much greater and more pressing fear: the realization that human beings are capable of unconscious and machine-like behavior, which we do not ultimately understand and which can express itself in horrifying ways. To take a random example, one historian says of the battle of Antietam in 1862: “There was something fearless and primitive and elemental in the combat that morning, a kind of madness or possession, as soldiers left their humanity behind and became mere feral killing machines.”

Ultimately, I do not think that people fear machines, however supposedly intelligent. They unconsciously fear the sudden and ruinous eruption of their own mechanicality, not knowing whence or how it arises or when it may burst out—in others or in oneself.

Richard Smoley


The Rainbow Body: How the Western Chakra System Came to Be

Printed in the   Fall 2025  issue of Quest magazine. 
Citation: Leland, Kurt   "The Rainbow Body: How the Western Chakra System Came to Be"   Quest 113:4, pg 38-42

By Kurt Leland 

Kurt Leland HeadshotOn a summer day in 2014, while browsing among the bulk bins of the local food co-op, I came across a small advertising brochure that someone had abandoned. The cover showed a twenty-something white female dressed in a sheer white tunic and seated in a yogic meditation pose. Superimposed on her torso were seven colored medallions, each containing a letter of the Sanskrit alphabet. They ranged from red at her seat to purple at the crown of her head, following the order of the spectrum. Closer inspection revealed that each medallion had a different number of petal-like rays.

These medallions were representations of the seven chakras (Sanskrit for “wheels”), a schema that originated centuries ago in India in connection with a type of yoga that has become a staple of contemporary yoga classes and New Age metaphysics. The chakras are said to appear to clairvoyant vision as whirling disks or vortices of light, hence their name. Ancient texts taught that their activation through strenuous meditative and ritual practice would result in a seven-step process of consciousness expansion leading to enhanced spiritual powers, enlightenment, and liberation from the karmic law of rebirth.

The product in the brochure was called “Organic Chakra Balancing Aromatherapy Roll-Ons.” It was made by Aura Cacia, an American company that markets scented essential oils manufactured from herbs and flowers for healing purposes—hence aromatherapy. The brochure opened into a vertical table of color-coded correspondences identifying the locations, qualities, and effects on emotion, mind, and spirit of chakras that have been “balanced” through the use of these aromatherapy roll-ons—one for each chakra, each compounded of a different formula of essential oils.

Several half-amused questions came to mind: Could a scent really “open the floodgates of compassion and understanding” associated with the heart chakra? Why was the “empowering” third chakra associated with a “delicate citrus blend”? How would a fully enlightened being smell when wearing all seven scents at once?

The predominant question was, how did we get here from there? The list of chakra qualities was familiar from dozens of New Age books on the subject: grounding in the first chakra, sensuality or sexuality in the second, empowerment in the third, compassion in the fourth, communication in the fifth, intuitive insight in the sixth, and enlightenment in the seventh. Yet anyone who looks into the origins of the chakra system in India may be astonished to find that the chakras have colors, but there is no rainbow; they have qualities and spiritual powers, but not those on this list. No scents are involved. The idea of chakra balancing is never mentioned in the scriptures. The chakras are to be pierced, dissolved, and transcended to achieve a state of “liberation within life” rather than an emotionally and spiritually balanced lifestyle (whatever that might mean).

I first heard of the chakras in the late 1970s from a friend who was a disciple of an Indian yogi. I learned their locations and how to breathe to purify them. Through the metaphysical grapevine, I learned of a list of chakra qualities similar to the one in the Aura Cacia brochure. A few books on the subject were available in metaphysical bookstores, but I did not buy or read them.

Fast forward to 2002. I was asked to write a book on the spiritual effects of music. I considered using the chakra system as a framework for describing mystical or peak experiences associated with composing, performing, and listening to music. Dozens of books on the chakras were now available, with many variations in listing the colors and qualities. I wanted to work with the most authentic list of qualities I could find. But research into ancient Indian systems confused me—some had as few as four chakras, and others as many as forty-nine. Several questions drove me, though they were still unresolved when the book was published in 2005:

When did the term chakra first come into the English language?

When did the rainbow color scheme originate, and who was responsible for it?

Where did the ubiquitous New Age list of chakra qualities come from, and how long has it been around?

In the summer of 2012, Quest Books, a publishing imprint of the Theosophical Society in America, approached me about annotating a new edition of The Chakras, published in 1927 by Charles W. Leadbeater, a clairvoyant who worked within the TS. This book had been in print continuously for nearly a century. Though considered a classic in the field of New Age chakra studies, it was not an easy read. Leadbeater used obscure terminology, assuming his Theosophical readership would understand it without explanation. Furthermore, there were several ways in which his clairvoyant perceptions of the chakras differed not only from ancient Indian texts, but also from recent New Age books. I tried to create an “authoritative,” stand-alone text, with notes explaining all the terms and an afterword that placed the book in context within the evolution of the New Age version of the chakra system.

This project allowed me to solve the problem of where the rainbow color scheme came from. Being under a tight deadline, I was unable to pursue the other questions. However, in the summer of 2014, I received a request to give a talk on the chakra system at the Theosophical Society in Milwaukee later that year. That opportunity allowed me to further my research. I was able to trace the first references to the chakra system in English. I was also able to track the century-long evolution of what I call the Western chakra system. This evolution began in the 1880s, in the writings of H.P. Blavatsky, one of the founders of the Theosophical Society, and was more or less complete by 1990, when actress Shirley MacLaine appeared on the Tonight Show and amused a TV audience of millions by affixing colored circles representing the chakra system onto talk-show host Johnny Carson’s clothing and head. I have concluded that the evolution of the Western chakra system was an unintentional collaboration among the following:

  • Esotericists and clairvoyants (many with a Theosophical background)
  • Scholars of Indology (the study of Indian culture, including religious beliefs)
  • Mythologist Joseph Campbell
  • Psychologists (Carl Jung and the originators of the human potential movement at Esalen Institute in Big Sur, California)
  • Indian yogis (some of whose “ancient” teachings made use of Leadbeater’s color system)
  • Energy healers (Barbara Brennan, author of Hands of Light, a best-selling manual of energy healing, and others)

Surprisingly, the two primary strands of this evolutionary sequence—the rainbow color scheme and the list of qualities—did not come together in print until 1977. Thus the much-vaunted “ancient” chakra system of the West is barely forty years old, its history obscured by the habit of New Age writers, both in print and on the Internet, of failing to include notes and sources for their information—a habit that Olav Hammer, a Swedish professor of the history of religion, calls source amnesia.

I wrote Rainbow Body: A History of the Western Chakra System from Blavatsky to Brennan for people who want to know about the real history of the Western chakra system—a wild and wacky story that somehow produced a body of spiritual and alternative healing practices that have profoundly influenced the lives of millions. But what is the Western chakra system? To my knowledge, the term has not previously been used, except informally, to differentiate versions of the chakras evolved in metaphysical circles in the West from their Hindu forebears. Here are the salient features, listed in the chronological order in which the Western chakra system’s components were recognized, schematized, and adopted:

  • A seven-chakra base (1880s)
  • Association of each chakra with a nerve plexus (1880s)
  • A list of vernacular (non-Sanskrit) names (1920s)
  • Association of each chakra with a gland of the endocrine system, with minor variations from system to system, especially with regard to the pituitary and pineal glands (1920s)
  • Single colors attributed to each chakra in order of the spectrum—either seven colors, including indigo, or six colors plus white (1930s)
  • An evolutionary scale of psychological and spiritual attributes, functions, or qualities assigned to each chakra, eventually becoming the familiar single-word list given earlier

To this listing may be added a number of less common attributes (in alphabetical order):

  • Associations with layers of the aura, subtle bodies, and planes
  • Developmental stages in the evolution of humanity
  • Developmental stages in the evolution of the individual
  • Diseases of mind or body associated with each chakra
  • Elements (earth, water, fire, air, and ether)
  • Positive and negative emotions for each chakra
  • States of consciousness and psychic powers

Beyond these categories, there is an endless number of correspondences based on Western esotericism or alternative healing practices, including but not limited to the following:

  • Alchemical metals
  • Astrological signs and planets
  • Foods and herbs
  • Gemstones and minerals
  • Homeopathic remedies
  • Kabbalistic sefirot (“spheres” or “principles” pertaining to various aspects of creation)
  • Musical notes
  • Shamanistic totem animals
  • Tarot cards
 
  Theosophical Society - Chakras according to Gichtel.  This diagram is taken from a nineteenth-century French translation of Johann Georg Gichtel’s Theosophia practica (1701), as reproduced in C.W. Leadbeater’s book The Chakras. Entitled “The Dark, Natural, Terrestrial Human according to the Stars and the Elements.”
  This diagram is taken from a nineteenth-century French translation of Johann Georg Gichtel’s Theosophia practica (1701), as reproduced in C.W. Leadbeater’s book The Chakras. Entitled “The Dark, Natural, Terrestrial Human according to the Stars and the Elements.” It shows a possible forerunner of the Western chakra system. The planets and elements, and some of the deadly sins, are connected with certain human centers (e.g., Saturn, at the crown, with orgueil, “pride”; Jupiter, in the forehead, with avarice). The text on the bottom half of the chart reads: “The element of fire resides in the heart; the element of water, in the liver; earth, in the lungs; and air, in the bladder.”

To make sense of how the Western chakra system evolved, I had to deal with the early evolution of the system in India, from the first to the sixteenth century CE. Then I had to trace the movement of this Eastern chakra system to the West. It turns out that Mme. Blavatsky and the Theosophical Society played a key role in transmitting these teachings from 1879, when she arrived in India, until her death in 1891. Blavatsky and subsequent generations of Theosophical clairvoyants, including Leadbeater, Annie Besant, Rudolf Steiner, and Alice Bailey, significantly altered these ancient teachings.

During the fifty years from Blavatsky’s arrival in India to the publication of Leadbeater’s The Chakras, several components of the Western chakra system fell into place: the seven-chakra base, the locations in association with nerve plexuses, and the non-Sanskrit names. From the 1920s to the 1950s, the Western chakra system gradually acquired its association with the rainbow colors and the endocrine glands. The key players during this period were not only well-known psychics, such as Alice Bailey and Edgar Cayce, but also several who are mostly unknown: Ivah Bergh Whitten, an early color therapist working in the United States (her teachings were disseminated through the writings of her primary student, Roland Hunt, author of The Seven Keys of Color Healing, a standard manual for over forty years); S.G.J. Ouseley, a British color therapist; and the mysterious American yogini Cajzoran Ali. The latter was born in Iowa under the name Amber Steen, got married to a dark-skinned Indian swami who turned out to be a confidence man from Trinidad, and worked as a yoga teacher in the United States and France under numerous aliases. Though she was the first to bring the chakra system and the endocrine glands together in a book published in 1928, her previously untold story, as these details suggest, turns out to be the wackiest of all.

From the 1930s to the 1970s, a parallel strand of development in the Western chakra system involved German Indologists Heinrich Zimmer and Frederic Spiegelberg (both had been forced out of Nazi Germany and worked in American universities), the Swiss psychologist Carl Jung, and the American mythologist Joseph Campbell. Each interacted with the others under the inspiration of The Serpent Power, a book published in 1919 by an Indian High Court judge, Sir John Woodroffe, using the pseudonym Arthur Avalon. Woodroffe’s was the first scholarly publication in English of one version of the Western chakra system—the same one that influenced Blavatsky when she became aware of it forty years before.

Zimmer inspired Campbell to investigate the chakra teachings of the late nineteenth-century Indian saint Sri Ramakrishna. Spiegelberg inspired Michael Murphy, the founder of Esalen Institute in Big Sur, California, to investigate those of the early twentieth-century yoga master Sri Aurobindo. Esalen produced the human potential movement, a loose-knit band of psychologists, philosophers, and bodyworkers, including Abraham Maslow and Ram Dass. This movement was an important influence on the hippie counterculture of the late 1960s and early 1970s.

It was at Esalen that the list of chakra qualities with which we are now familiar emerged from a fusion of Ramakrishna’s and Aurobindo’s teachings. Furthermore, Ken Dychtwald, one of the bodyworkers who lived at Esalen during this time, became the father of the Western chakra system when he inadvertently brought together the color healers’ list of rainbow colors and endocrine glands and the human potential movement’s list of chakra qualities in a book and article published in the summer of 1977. The book, Bodymind: A Synthesis of Eastern and Western Approaches to Self-Awareness, Health, and Personal Growth, was published in June 1977, and a related article, “Bodymind and the Evolution to Cosmic Consciousness,” was published in the July-August 1977 issue of Yoga Journal. That article contains a list of chakra qualities very similar to the one I saw in the Aura Cacia brochure four decades later. Thus 2017 represents the fortieth anniversary of the birth of the Western chakra system, reverently referred to in yoga classes and New Age books as “ancient.”

In the 1980s, writers such as Anodea Judith (Wheels of Life) began consolidating information from various chakra systems to resolve such controversies and reinforce the hegemony of the system we now consider traditional. This was also the decade when innovative practitioners in the developing field of energy medicine began applying the chakra system to various forms of bodywork, including acupuncture, Polarity Therapy, and Reiki. Toward the end of the decade, best-selling author and actress Shirley MacLaine was offering public workshops on the chakras—and her October 4, 1990, appearance on the Tonight Show could be called the Western chakra system’s coming-out party. It was no longer an esoteric yoga teaching but an aspect of popular culture.

In the 1990s, books, workshops, websites, and music based on the chakras proliferated, touching on many forms of spiritual and healing practice—though often repeating what had gone before. However, there was one further, ongoing stage in the development of the Western chakra system: the codifying of esoteric teachings on chakras, subtle bodies, and planes and their use in astral projection. Speculations on such topics accompanied the development of the Western chakra system like a shadowy secondary rainbow during much of the twentieth century and emerged into their clearest presentation in the energy healing work of Barbara Brennan. Her immensely popular book Hands of Light, which correlates the chakras with seven subtle bodies, planes, and layers of the human aura, was first published in 1988 and remains in print today.

Contemporary historians of South Asian religions who specialize in fields in which the chakras play a part sometimes rail against Western New Age appropriation of these teachings. Nevertheless, the unintentional collaboration of esotericists, clairvoyants, scholars, psychologists, yogis, and energy healers that produced the Western chakra system probably mirrors the spread of Tantric teachings throughout East Asia over many centuries. In both cases, a constant selection and recombination of details determined what was left out and what was passed on. If that spreading fulfilled ancient cultural and spiritual needs, the same thing could be said of the modern West—even if the result has been commodified in ways unimaginable in the India of a thousand years ago (as in the case of aromatherapy roll-ons).

I see the development of the Western chakra system as the embodiment of a deeply meaningful archetype of enlightenment, common to East and West—that of the spiritually perfected being, graphically represented by the image seen so often on covers of books on the chakras: a resplendent, meditating human form, shining with the rainbow-colored light of having fully realized our spiritual potential, each chakra representing an evolutionary stage on this sacred developmental journey.

Composer and author Kurt Leland lectures regularly for the TSA. His books include a compilation of Annie Besant’s articles: Invisible Worlds: Essays on Psychic and Spiritual Development (Quest Books, 2013). This article, which originally appeared in New Dawn magazine, is adapted from his book Rainbow Body: A History of the Western Chakra System from Blavatsky to Brennan (Ibis, 2016). His consulting practice, Spiritual Orienteering, is based in Boston. He can be reached at www.kurtleland.com. Videos of his lectures can be found on the TS YouTube channel. This article first appeared in Quest, spring 2017.


Geoffrey Hodson: Reminiscences

Printed in the Winter 2026  issue of Quest magazine. 
Citation: Altman, Nathaniel "Geoffrey Hodson: Reminiscences"   Quest 114:1, pg 34-39

By Nathaniel Altman

Nathaniel AltmanI joined the Theosophical Society in November 1970 while studying at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. After graduating the following June, I began working as a groundskeeper at Olcott. Although I was already a vegetarian, I had visited the kill floor at a large Madison slaughterhouse on a dare. The experience upset me so much that I decided to write a book about vegetarianism, which I began writing at Olcott.

Quest Books agreed to publish the book, and I believe that Helen Zahara, the coordinator of the Quest Books program at the time, asked Geoffrey Hodson—who was a vice president of the International Vegetarian Union and a guest at the Society’s annual convention in 1971—to write the foreword, which he kindly agreed to do. The book was eventually published as Eating for Life, and eventually sold more than 75,000 copies.

I had the pleasure of meeting with Geoffrey Hodson and his wife, Sandra, several times during their stay at Olcott, and reconnected with them when I began studying at the Krotona Institute School of Theosophy in 1972. Geoffrey became my mentor, and I met privately with him on numerous occasions. I also drove him and Sandra to visits and appointments.

During a meeting with him, I lamented that I was a poor student of Theosophy because I had difficulty understanding H.P. Blavatsky’s magnum opus, The Secret Doctrine, and found esoteric concepts like the human monad, chains, rounds, and root races beyond my comprehension.

Geoffrey stopped me short and said, “Nathaniel, ahimsa is the essence of Theosophy. The primary goal of students of Theosophy is to develop ahimsa!” (Ahimsa has been translated from the Sanskrit into English as active nonviolence and dynamic compassion.) He also stated that the main spiritual concept we need to realize on a deep level is that “All life is One.”

During the Hodsons’ stay at Krotona, I was able to attend many of Geoffrey’s lectures. He would sit in a large, blue, high-backed chair that reminded me of a throne. His talks at Krotona Hall were profound, well-prepared, and practical, but they were not devoid of humor.

Knowing that Krotona was a hotbed of gossip at that time, Geoffrey announced during a lecture that he was establishing an “antigossip” society. He then told the audience, “All of you are members!” He later told me, “Nathaniel, the only thing we should do behind someone’s back is to pat it.”

Geoffry HodsonGeoffrey Hodson was a noted clairvoyant. His life work was breathtakingly multifaceted and involved healing, education, mysticism, religion, Masonry, spiritual unfoldment, the angelic hierarchy, peace, humaneness, planetary and solar evolution, art and beauty, the subtle bodies of humans, life after death, the pathway to hastened spiritual attainment, and much more. In his more than seven decades as a writer, lecturer, healer, and counselor, Geoffrey Hodson affected the lives of thousands of people in many different ways.

In my particular case, I feel that he inspired my future contact with members of the devic kingdom, my interest in ahimsa, and the practical application of Theosophical principles. His interest in a wide range of subjects gave me confidence to follow my own varied interests in life.

Geoffrey avoided the limelight and firmly discouraged the guru adoration syndrome that has befallen many spiritual teachers. He never made claim to spiritual status, nor did he reveal any direct contact with Masters of the Wisdom, who are believed to stand behind the founding of the Theosophical Society.

Nevertheless, as we’ll see later on, his personal diary, edited by his wife and published as Light of the Sanctuary after his passing, revealed that during his lifetime he was guided by several adepts, who facilitated his spiritual studies, helped him prepare his talks, articles, and books, and supported his extensive healing and counseling work. 

Early Life

Geoffrey Hodson’s amazing life of ninety-six years reads like an adventure story. He was born March 12, 1886, to a family of landowners and gentleman farmers in Lincolnshire, England. He described his life growing up as “ideal,” in a quiet rural area with horses, dogs, birds, and small animals. His family life was stable and loving and included close relationships with parents and grandparents along with four siblings. His mother was active in the local church as both an organist and choirmaster.

According to his account in Light of the Sanctuary, Geoffrey became aware at an early age (during what he called “daydreams”) of “a secret brotherhood of perfected beings with a hidden headquarters from which the members went out into the world to perform deeds of mercy.” He also began having visions involving light and angelic beings in his childhood and teenage years. He wrote:

I was perhaps only five or six years old . . . It seemed that from within the sun itself, a huge birdlike figure of fire, with a long tail shaped like that of a lyre bird, descended and entered my whole body through the crown of my head, almost setting up a blazing fire within me. (Hodson, Sanctuary, 1) 

He believed that on more than one occasion, he was saved by unseen beings from accidents and even death.

In his youth, Geoffrey considered himself a devout Christian who believed that everything in the Bible was literally true. After his religious beliefs were confronted by his landlord while he was working at a Liverpool trading company at age twenty-four, he experienced a crisis which, he said, “shattered my treasured faith in the Bible and left me a very, very miserable young man” (Hodson, Sanctuary, 5).

A Quaker colleague at work introduced him to Esoteric Christianity by Annie Besant, which restored Geoffrey’s faith in Christianity by understanding scripture to be a combination of history, allegory, and symbolism.

In March 1912 he attended one of Dr. Besant’s lectures in Manchester. Aside from being deeply inspired by her presentation, he observed her aura, which he reported extended from the lecture hall into the street. As a result, he immediately joined the Theosophical Society and became a member of the Manchester Lodge. He soon became a “visiting teacher” and lecturer for the Theosophical Society in England. 

World War I

As a firm believer in the oneness of life, Geoffrey was initially torn between following a life of compassion and becoming a soldier upon the outbreak of World War I in 1914. But one night he had a vision of a Master, holding a sword and extending his hand to him. Geoffrey decided that it was his duty to participate in what he termed a “defensive war” and joined a cavalry regiment and later the Royal Tank Corps, in which he became an officer. While serving in France, he received visions that helped keep him safe from injury and death. He also clairvoyantly saw his brother Stanley, who had recently died in battle. It is likely that Geoffrey’s war experience led him to clairvoyantly study what happens to people when (and after) they die. He also became a strong advocate for world peace, humaneness, and a supporter of both the League of Nations and the United Nations. 

Postwar Years

After his discharge, Geoffrey Hodson found work at an interior design firm in Manchester, a job which held no interest. He was soon offered a position with the YMCA working with young people, which involved a move to London. During this time, he met his first wife, Jane (née Carter). He began to have visions of fairies and nature spirits at home, and the new couple often took motorcycle drives to the countryside, where Geoffrey would observe nature spirits. Jane  not only supported him personally but assisted in all of his books on the subject of angels and the devic kingdom. He wrote, “I was very indebted to Jane for from the first moment when I began to speak of occult awakenings, visions and experiences, she unfailingly both responded and recorded every single one of them” (Hodson, Sanctuary, 12).

In 1926 or 1927, while Geoffrey was resting in a meditative state on a hillside overlooking a beech forest near the village of Sheepscombe in Gloucestershire, his angelic teacher appeared and communicated with him.

Jane and I were lying on a hillside at the edge of what remained of the beech forest . . . Quite suddenly, and entirely unsought, I had a tremendous expansion of consciousness. It seemed that the whole heavens opened and became filled with light, and I was caught up into a height which I had never hitherto attained. All was radiant with “the light that never was on sea or land”. Gradually, as I tried to adjust myself to this new experience in the higher consciousness (the Causal level, at least, I believe it to have been), I became aware of the presence of a great angelic Being from Whose consciousness to mine there began to flow a stream of ideas concerning the life, the forces, and the consciousness of the universe as these realities express themselves in both angels and human beings. So far as I was able to discern in the brilliant light, He was supernally beautiful—is supernally beautiful, I should say, for the link with Him has never been broken. (I use the masculine pronoun for convenience only.) He was majestic, godlike, impassive, and utterly impersonal. Eventually, He communicated to me that He might be known by the name of Bethelda. A Hebrew friend, an expert in the Kabbalah, later gave me the meaning of this name as “the Angel of the House of God.” (Hodson, Sanctuary, 16)

The information Geoffrey received from Bethelda and other members of the angelic kingdom generated a total of six books, including The Brotherhood of Angels and of Men, Be Ye Perfect, and The Angelic Hosts. These three books have become occult classics, offering advice about how the devas are prepared to cooperate with human beings, providing we play our part.

Geoffrey’s most famous book about devas—The Kingdom of the Gods—was published by the Theosophical Publishing House in Adyar in 1952. It remains in print and is known for its beautiful color renderings of angels and devas painted by Ethelwynn M. Quail under Geoffrey’s direction. An illustrated book, Clairvoyant Investigations, was published by Quest Books in 1984, a year after his passing.

Geoffrey believed that he was the devas’ “human ambassador.” He communicated with them and received wisdom from them in all the places in the world that he visited, including Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Indonesia, and the Philippines. 

LCC and Co-Masonry

Geoffrey was ordained as a priest in the Liberal Catholic Church (LCC) and wrote several Christian-themed books based on his clairvoyant observations, including The Inner Side of Church Worship (1940), and his magnum opus, The Hidden Wisdom in the Holy Bible, in four volumes. 

Geoffrey was a close associate of J.I. Wedgwood, first presiding bishop of the LCC, and appeared to have a good relationship with another LCC bishop, C.W. Leadbeater, a noted clairvoyant and teacher and close associate of Annie Besant. Although I am not aware of any collaboration on clairvoyant investigations between the two men, Geoffrey Hodson vigorously defended Leadbeater after the reliability of his seership was challenged by E.L. Gardner in the 1960s. In An Appreciation of C.W. Leadbeater, Geoffrey supported Leadbeater’s claim to have been in contact with the Masters, his clairvoyant teachings on the aura and the serpent fire (kundalini), his reports of invisible helpers, and teachings about the akashic records.

Geoffrey Hodson was a 32nd degree member of Co-Freemasonry, a Masonic order that admits women equally with men. He wrote two books about Freemasonry, including At the Sign of the Square and Compasses and The Occult Philosophy Concealed within Freemasonry. 

Travels and New Zealand

In 1929, Geoffrey visited the United States for the first time to attend the Theosophical World Congress in Chicago and spent the next four years lecturing around the United States and Canada. He also lectured in South Africa, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand.

He also gave many radio broadcasts in various places in the world, especially in Australia when the Sydney radio station 2GB was under Theosophical control. It was broadcast from The Manor, a center for spiritual retreat and the teaching of Theosophy. Leadbeater was the head of the Manor and was among its first residents. Seminars, study groups, and retreats are conducted there as well as other activities, such as meetings of the LCC and the International Order of the Round Table, an organization rooted in Theosophy that focuses on elevating young people. After Leadbeater’s passing in 1934, Geoffrey, writing in Theosophy in Australia, reported that Leadbeater continued to reside at The Manor, where he oversaw the work, assisted by the Manor Angel (Tillett, 255).

During this time, Jane Hodson began to develop symptoms of multiple sclerosis, which drastically limited her mobility. A young Australian Theosophist, Sandra Chase, offered to care for her, which continued until Jane’s passing in 1962. This enabled Geoffrey to travel more. He, Jane, and Sandra eventually settled in New Zealand, which Geoffrey believed was a future center of a new race of human beings. After establishing himself in his new country, Geoffrey became involved in the vegetarian and animal rights movements in addition to his association with the New Zealand Theosophical Society. 

Polidorus Isuranus

In 1988, five years after his death, Geoffrey Hodson’s private diaries were published under the title Light of the Sanctuary, compiled by Sandra, who became Geoffrey’s second wife after Jane’s death in 1962. During his lifetime, most of his rich inner life was unknown to those outside of his immediate family and possibly a few close friends and collaborators. This book revealed for the first time that beginning in 1945, he often communicated with Masters of the Wisdom, especially an adept teacher known to him as Polidorus Isuranus, “a Recorder of the Luxor Brotherhood” from Egypt. He regularly communicated with this Master, who often gave him both instruction and advice when preparing his lectures, conducting healing and counseling work, and writing books. Geoffrey’s contact with his Master continued until his passing in 1983. Many of these communications are included in Light of the Sanctuary and make fascinating reading.

Although Geoffrey Hodson was best known by members of the TS as an authority on Theosophical philosophy, he devoted much of his life to other, less-known areas of teaching and activity.

Humaneness

As I mentioned earlier, Geoffrey’s experience during World War I taught him to become a strong advocate for peace and nonviolence. In addition to experiencing the horrors of war with his expanded faculties of clairvoyant sight, he also became more aware of the harm humans inflict on other living beings, especially with vivisection and meat eating. He became a staunch animal activist and was the founder and president of the New Zealand Vegetarian Society and the Combined Animal Welfare Organizations in New Zealand; he was also a vice president of the International Vegetarian Union. Many of his writings on humaneness and vegetarianism were published in both Sharing the Light (Theosophical Publishing House) and The Call to Humaneness (Gaupo Publishing).

During one of our meetings at Krotona, Geoffrey related his experience of observing a large slaughterhouse near Chicago with clairvoyant sight. I described his reactions in an article published in Vegetarian World in 1973:

Although Mr. Hodson normally comes across as the typical reserved English gentleman which he is, he became very emotional, describing the scene as “the most ghastly horror imaginable.” He spoke movingly of the intense fear, rage and pain experienced by the slaughtered creatures, which takes powerful form around the slaughterhouse, permeating the atmosphere with a “giant tormented storm cloud” of red color (from rage and pain) with vivid blotches of dark grey (from fear). He expressed deep concern about the effect of this psychic pollution on the community, and the pronounced effect it could have on children, who are most sensitive to outside influences such as this. (Altman, Vegetarian World, 5) 

Geoffrey strongly believed that human cruelty was intimately connected to human unhappiness, war, and disease. In an article appearing in The Humanitarian in 1958, he described how to relieve human sorrow:

That way is to outlaw cruelty—the unnecessary infliction of pain—on Earth as humans are now seeking to outlaw war. Abolish torture and needless killing; replace them with humaneness in every department of life, especially the choice of recreation, food, clothing and in the practice of medicine. Then, with right thinking, the reverent use of the soil, correct nutrition and hygiene, by preventing the problem of disease will be solved. (Hodson, Humaneness, 40)

Writing in The American Theosophist in 1944, he also spoke passionately about the dangers of materialism and how they contribute to the unhappiness of the world:

How can the child perceive this shining peak of human attainment when from birth to death it is surrounded by commercialized adult humanity, absorbed with self-advertising, with gaining possessions and living self-centered lives? The child is brought up and trained amidst all this, receives an education which is eighty percent materialistic, in which true religion only has a minute part. The student is taught to memorize facts and ideas in order that, by repeating them correctly at examination, they will win educational rewards, defeat their fellow pupils, shine over them, and then sell to the highest bidder the whole result of education in the marketplace. All this, I submit, is a crime against the child; it is therefore a crime against adults and against humanity as a whole. (Hodson, Humaneness, 27)  

Healing

Geoffrey Hodson was a noted healer and taught that many health problems originate beyond the physical realm. He utilized his clairvoyant abilities to understand the deeper causes of disease and ways of supporting the healing process. He strongly believed that a major cause of disease was cruelty, especially towards animals. He wrote numerous articles about health and healing, as well as An Occult View of Health and Disease. He also created a healing invocation that he received from angels, which the Theosophical Order of Service uses in spiritual healing work. Other healing rituals were received from his adept teacher. Today dozens of healing circles regularly meet to perform healing rituals based on that invocation. Here is a sample of one healing invocation, adapted for the aftermath of the wildfires on Maui in 2023:

 

Hail! Devas of the healing art! Come to our aid.
Pour forth your healing life into the people, animals and ecology of Maui.
Let every cell, every molecule, be charged anew with vital force.
To every nerve give peace.
Let tortured sense be soothed.
May the rising tide of healing life set every limb aglow
As by your healing power both soul and body are restored.
May each person, animal and plant affected by the fires in Maui be left with an angel watcher to comfort and protect them
Until health returns, or life departs from physical form.
May the angel watchers ward away all ill,
hasten the returning strength,
or lead to peace when life is done.

Other Activities

Geoffrey Hodson served as director of the School of the Wisdom at the Theosophical Society’s international headquarters in Adyar in 1953‒54 and again in 1954‒55, 1961, and 1972‒73.

After Jane Hodson died in 1962, Sandra Chase became the next Mrs. Hodson. The couple was very devoted to each other and enjoyed a very close and loving relationship. Sandra not only took care of her husband (making sure that he would not get overtired) but edited all of his later writings. A former general secretary of the Theosophical Society in New Zealand, Sandra Hodson was a respected Theosophical teacher and author in her own right.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Geoffrey continued to travel and lecture around the world. He visited Olcott in 1971 and spent several months giving classes and lectures at Krotona in 1971‒72, before serving as director of the School of the Wisdom at Adyar. He also spent time lecturing and teaching in the Philippines, where a scholarship fund was established in his honor to support students at the Golden Link School, a learning center for elementary and high-school students near Manila, as well as a college based on Theosophical principles. 

A Developing Legacy

Because he lived such a multifaceted and fascinating life spanning ninety-six years, I believe that Geoffrey Hodson’s legacy is still being established. The most prolific Theosophical writer of the twentieth century, Geoffrey wrote more than forty-six books and more than 700 articles on an extensive range of subjects, including yoga, clairvoyance, healing, education, mysticism, esoteric Christianity, spiritual unfoldment, the angelic hierarchy, peace, humaneness, planetary and solar evolution, art and beauty, the subtle bodies of humans, world religions, life after death, the pathway to hastened spiritual attainment and much more.

In addition, Geoffrey presented hundreds of public lectures and classes. A major source of his course material can be found in his two-volume Lecture Notes, and more than forty of his talks can be heard as audio files available online from the Theosophical Society in America.

Geoffrey conducted spiritual counseling and healing sessions for thousands of individuals over more than sixty years. He collaborated extensively with physicians and scientists, using his clairvoyant abilities in such fields as healing, chemistry, biology, anthropology, archaeology, embryology, physics, and astronomy.

He left his mark as an early and powerful advocate for childhood education, antimaterialism, diet reform, world peace, vegetarianism, and animal rights. He was awarded the Theosophical Society’s Subba Row Medal for his contributions to Theosophy.

Although he was physically frail as he moved through his eighties, Geoffrey’s mental faculties remained intact until his death. At the age of ninety-six, he gave his last public lecture on May 4,,1982, at H.P.B. Lodge in Auckland to a packed hall. Eight months later he passed away in Auckland, on January 23, 1983, after an amazing life as a dedicated server of the Masters and humanity.

Geoffrey Hodson died in full consciousness, with his last words to Sandra being: “I am leaving now. Please don’t try to stop me.” Sandra Hodson wrote:

Geoffrey left us peacefully in the early morning of 23 January 1983. Our home seemed to me then, to be steeped in a blessed stillness and silence that nothing could disturb. Upon Geoffrey’s face there was an expression of utter peace and joyous serenity—beyond any words. It was as though the Masters were so very close at this time. In looking back over our life together and before the world, I can testify that never once has he ever made any claim to greatness or to the superior powers which he most truly possessed. He was the most humble of men, living his whole occult and spiritual life in secrecy and anonymity. (Hodson, Sanctuary, 546) 

Robert Ellwood, emeritus professor of religion at the University of Southern California and vice president of the TSA from 2002 to 2005, described Geoffrey as “worthy of compare with the greatest seers and mystics of any land or time.”

Sources

Altman, Nathaniel, “The Theosophical Basis of Vegetarianism,” Vegetarian World, 1973.

Hodson, Geoffrey. “An Appreciation of C.W. Leadbeater.” Available online.

———. The Call to Humaneness. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Gaupo Publishing, 2024.

———. Lecture Notes. Adyar: Theosophical Publishing House, 1955.

Hodson, Sandra, ed. Light of the Sanctuary: The Occult Diary of Geoffrey Hodson. Manila: Theosophical Publishers, 1988.

Tillett, Gregory. The Elder Brother. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982.

Nathaniel Altman has been a member of the Theosophical Society in America since 1970. He was a student of Geoffrey Hodson at Krotona and has published several of Mr. Hodson’s out-of-print books through Gaupo Publishing (https://www.gaupo.net), a publishing venture he began in 2017. (For an excerpt, see Quest, spring 2025.) He has also authored more than twenty books on diet, palmistry, health and healing, nonviolence, and our relationship with the natural world. Nathaniel lives and works in Brooklyn, New York. His web page is https://www.nathanielaltman.com.


The Cant about “Masters”:  Koot Hoomi’s Last Letter to Annie Besant

Printed in the   Fall 2025  issue of Quest magazine. 
Citation: Koot Hoomi   "The Cant about “Masters”:  Koot Hoomi’s Last Letter to Annie Besant"   Quest 113:4, pg 36-37 

In 1900 one B.W. Mantri of India wrote a letter to Annie Besant, dated August 22. When she opened it, she found on the back a letter written in blue pencil and in the handwriting of the Master Koot Hoomi. This is K.H.’s last letter.

The letter has been reprinted in part in C. Jinarajadasa’s Letters from the Masters of Wisdom, first series (Adyar: Theosophical Publishing House, 1919), pp. 123–24. But Jinarajadasa published the letter in an abridged form, leaving out some of the more strongly worded passages. He claimed, somewhat incorrectly, that these parts “refer to the occult life of Dr. Besant which only the Master could have known.”

The letter was reprinted unabridged in The Eclectic Theosophist (Sept.-Oct. 1987), page 1. We are reproducing it in full below, including the passages omitted in Jinarajadasa’s edition. Spelling and punctuation follow the original.

The letter is noteworthy for several reasons. In the first place, it dates from 1900, nine years after the death of H.P. Blavatsky, which strongly suggests that Blavatsky could not have been the author of the Mahatma Letters, as current academic scholars argue. It also warns against worship of the Masters, credulity in spiritual matters, and outmoded forms of religious observance. The disparaging opening reference to the writer of the original letter is rather amusing.

This letter was originally published in Quest, summer 2011.

A psychic and a pranayamist1 who has got confused by the vagaries of the members. The TS and its members are slowly manufacturing a creed. Says a Thibetan proverb ‘credulity breeds credulity and ends in hypocrisy’. How few they are who know anything about us. Are we to be propitiated and made idols of. Is the worship of a new Trinity made up of the Blessed M. Upasika and yourself to take the place of exploded creeds.2 We ask not for the worship of ourselves. The disciple should in no way be fettered. Beware of Esoteric Popery. The intense desire to see Upasika reincarnate at once has raised a misleading Mayavic3 ideation. Upasika has useful work to do on higher planes and cannot come again so soon. The T.S. must safely be ushered into the new century. You have for some time been under deluding influences. Shun pride, vanity and love of power. Be not guided by emotion but learn to stand alone. Be accurate and critical rather than credulous. The mistakes of the past in the old religions must not be glossed over with imaginary explanations. The E.S.T.4 must be reformed so as to be as unsectarian and creedless as the T.S. The rules must be few and simple and acceptable to all. No one has a right to claim authority over a pupil or his conscience. Ask him not what he believes. All who are sincere and pure minded must have admittance. The crest wave of intellectual advancement must be taken hold of and guided into spirituality. It cannot be forced into beliefs and emotional worship. The essence of the higher thoughts of the members in their collectivity must guide all action in the T.S. and E.S. We never try to subject to ourselves the will of another. At favourable times we let loose elevating influences which strike various persons in various ways. It is the collective aspect of many such thoughts that can give the correct note of action. We show no favours. The best corrective of error is an honest and open-minded examination of all facts subjective and objective. Misleading secrecy has given the death blow to numerous organizations. The cant about “Masters” must be silently but firmly put down. Let the devotion and service be to that Supreme Spirit alone of which one is a part. Namelessly and silently we work and the continual references to ourselves and the repetition of our names raises up a confused aura that hinders our work. You will have to leave a good deal of your emotions and credulity before you become a safe guide among the influences that will commence to work in the new cycle. The T.S. was meant to be the cornerstone of the future religions of humanity. To accomplish this object those who lead must leave aside their weak predilections for the forms and ceremonies of any particular creed and show themselves to be true Theosophists both in inner thought and outward obedience. The greatest of your trials is yet to come. We watch over you but you must put forth all your strength.

K.H.

Notes

1. A practitioner of pranayama, a regimen of yogic breathing practices.

2. “M.” refers to Morya, Koot Hoomi’s fellow adept. Upasika, a Sanskrit word meaning “female disciple,” refers to H.P. Blavatsky.

3. Illusory; from the Sanskrit maya, “illusion.”

4. The Esoteric Section of the Theosophical Society; today the Esoteric School of Theosophy.


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