The Pursuit of Happiness versus Striving for Moksha
Printed in the Spring 2026 issue of Quest magazine.
Citation: Srinivasan, A.V. "The Pursuit of Happiness versus Striving for Moksha" Quest 114:2, pg 33-35
By A.V. (Sheenu) Srinivasan
Bliss is your birthright.
Swami Shivananda
Happiness is like a butterfly: the more you chase it, the more it will elude you.
Henry David Thoreau
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
The Declaration of Independence
Someone asked me recently: “Are you happy?” It hit me hard: how can anyone even think of happiness at this time when the world is in such a mess? One has to be in a coma not to realize that. Wars between India and Pakistan, Israel and Iran, Russia and Ukraine, Israel and Gaza, Israel and the West Bank of Jordan and Syria, Thailand and Cambodia, and civil war in Myanmar all menace the world. It is reported that 60,000 people have been killed in Gaza alone, and thousands of children are starving. The destruction of life and property continues while the nations of the world simply watch and the United Nations passes resolutions.
Serious political divisions are causing severe unrest in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Can it get worse? Happiness under these conditions would appear to be unthinkable.
Happiness is a serious topic, but it is one that lacks precise definition. It is very personal, with extraordinary variation among individuals and nations in their experience of it. Joyful? Ecstatic? Tranquil? What is the norm?
There has been considerable research into the concept of happiness, including attempts to rank countries on a happiness scale. This has been acknowledged as, at best, an overall view of a nation’s ideal of governance in relation to the well-being of its citizens.
Among all nations, Bhutan stands out for having linked its governance and economic strategy purposely and precisely to its citizens’ well-being. In 1974 the Bhutanese king, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, suggested discarding the concept of gross domestic product (GDP) in favor of another measure, defined as gross national happiness (GNH), or gross domestic happiness (GDH).
Much later, in 2008, a constitutional amendment codified Bhutan’s dedication to promoting happiness among its citizens. The government’s self-determined role is to create conditions that lead to economic self-reliance, environmental conservation, cultural preservation, and good governance.
With a population of under a million, Bhutan can more easily aspire to and realize its goals than larger nations. I believe its uniqueness is mainly due, not to its ranking, but to its bold declaration about the compatibility between the economy and the well-being of its people. This stance is especially noteworthy for a kingdom.
The GNH Centre Bhutan website declares: “Bhutan’s ancient legal code of 1629 states that ‘if the government cannot create happiness for its people, then there is no purpose for government to exist.’” This ancient Buddhist wisdom stressed that Bhutanese laws must promote happiness for all sentient beings. The focus was not just the nation’s economic progress, but a “flourishing human society living in harmony with nature.”
The means of measuring happiness among nations vary from one poll to another. Some of these are common-sense and are supported by data. For example, happy countries tend to be those whose cultures promote an attitude of generosity, kindness, a motivation to help and share with others, size of household (there is a limit, though!), and strong family bonds.
Richard Easterlin, late professor of economics at the University of Southern California, confirmed the “urgent need to move away from a money-centered model based on economy towards a more humane happiness-based model.” He observed that since the 1950s, economic growth has failed to make us happier. He is known for his Easterlin Paradox, formulated in 1974, which states that there is a correlation between income and happiness only up to a point, beyond which happiness does not trend upward as income increases.
The pursuit of happiness is the American Dream. Over centuries, this has attracted millions of immigrants to the United States hoping to be whatever they want to be to succeed in life. They and their progeny have often indeed done that—well beyond expectations. Hundreds of thousands of them qualify as exemplars of the dream. Perhaps you are one of them. I know I am!
Bill Gates is quoted as admitting that “a billion dollars won’t make you happy.” Instead, he gives a simple example of happiness as seeing his children do well. There is no direct connection with money in this feeling of happiness.
More and more money will not provide happiness. Instead, working towards an income point at which everyone’s normal needs (including vacations and meeting possible emergencies) are met in order to live comfortably has been shown to provide a strong sense of life satisfaction. Beyond that level, satisfaction levels off.
The generosity of Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett is a great example of how people with enormous wealth can nurture their own happiness through fostering happiness in others, notably by investing their money in public health and education initiatives around the world. The Carter Foundation is another excellent example: through it the late president Jimmy Carter and his wife, Rosalynn, helped eradicate the deadly Guinea worm disease, saving millions of lives and reducing poverty, disease, and their associated sorrows. We have all seen the inspiring videos of this couple building affordable homes for the poor. Very likely they chose to do this because it made them happy.
These are clear examples of basic steps towards attaining happiness through eliminating the misery and suffering of others. Other simpler and more obvious choices are available for anyone: viewing great paintings, reading great literature, watching children play, listening to great music, attending a play or a concert, sharing meals with family and friends, walking on the banks of a river or a beach, watching and listening to birds, and a hundred other such possibilities that do not involve money.
Research has shown that helping others in need enhances one’s self-image. In a 2022 article in the Journal of Positive Psychology, Liudmila Titova and Kennon Sheldon write, “Americans are guaranteed the right to ‘pursue happiness’ for themselves. But might they be better off if they pursued happiness for others? In five studies, we compared the two strategies, showing that, ironically, the second pursuit brings more personal happiness than the first.”
Missing from the happiness research is an important ancient source of knowledge on such matters. The Mahabharata, a great epic of India, is one such resource. In an episode known as Yaksha Prashna, an exiled prince, Yudhishtira, faces a forest spirit who challenges him with a wide range of philosophical and yet very practical questions. Let me quote here a few of the 122 questions posed and their answers (in both Sanskrit and English), which illumine the concept of happiness from thousands of years ago. In fact, the questions and answers together offer a good overview of happiness.
What in one word is happiness?
kimsvidekapadam sukham
shilamekapadm sukham
Character
Who is the friend of the dying?
Kimsvin mitram marishyat
danam mitram marishyata
His charity
Renouncing what does one become wealthy?
kim nu hitvaarthavaan bhavati
kamam hitvarthavan bhavati
Desire
Renouncing what does one become happy?
Kim nu hitvaa sukhi bhavet
lobham hitva sukhi bhavet
Greed
Who is happy?
pamcamehani shashtheva
shakam pacati sve grhe
anrnani chapravasica
Sa varicara modae
The person who is free of debt,
not in constant travel and who eats
a frugal, satisfying hot meal in his
own home every evening,
such is a happy person.
There you have it: simple, direct, crisp answers to a complicated question!
This view of happiness is only loosely related to the much loftier goal of moksha (salvation). Ancient Hindu societies and philosophies noted the pitfalls of desire, greed, and a sole focus on the accumulation of wealth.
One well-known fact about happiness is that it is not forever. When we do feel happy, we must cherish it even with the awareness that it may at some point diminish or vanish and be replaced by its opposite. Dwelling on this fact is counterproductive. In our daily life, such pairs of opposites play an inevitable role: happiness and unhappiness, day and night, hot and cold, drought and flood, dry and wet, growth and decay, life and death. They can and do occur, and there is no way to have one without the other. Such a wish is equivalent to looking for a coin with one side.
On January 26, 1950, when modern India became a sovereign republic, it chose as its motto: satyameva jayate (“truth alone triumphs”), derived from the Mundakopanishad. This was clearly chosen to define the basis for an Indian way of life. This politico-religious proclamation defines a path towards the ultimate goal of life: moksha, freedom from births and rebirths once and for all.
Nevertheless, a purposeful, meaningful, enjoyable life is not considered to be in conflict with the pursuit of moksha. The Vedas, which form the basis of Hinduism, proclaim adyeha (here and now!). That is, the hereafter will take care of itself if we pay meticulous attention to this life and enjoy it to the fullest extent by adhering to what we Hindus call chaturvidha phala purushartha: the four aspects of life, known as dharma, artha, kama, and moksha.
Dharma emphasizes and insists on duty: one’s obligation to serve society based on one’s talents. Artha has to do with the financial aspects of life; kama, with the aesthetic aspects of life (love, art, culture). No conflict is seen among these aspects, as illustrated in a stanza from the Yoga Vasishta:
Now it’s a fact that philosophical understanding
Does not preclude possession of other skills!
Thus a wise man is well able to do
Such worldly tasks as ruling a kingdom.
Hence the mandate: live a full life within the framework of dharma to reach the ultimate release of moksha, even as we enjoy life on this earth. Notice the stark difference between an unconstrained pursuit of happiness (as set out in the American Declaration of Independence) and the more restrained, outwardly focused approach provided in a framework of dharma in the Hindu view of happiness. Scripture after scripture warn us about the perils of pure materialism and how recognizing and fulfilling our sacred and social obligations will lead to a happy and meaningful life.
Long ago a mentor told me, “Culture means putting more and more restraints on ourselves!” I have never forgotten that. What a diametrically opposite view of life to one that wants more and more and even more!
Another verse from the Yoga Vasishta says:
At the gate to freedom, they say,
Stand these four mighty guards:
Discipline, analysis, good cheer,
And, fourthly, wise company.
I alluded earlier to enormous constraints required to achieve the Hindu’s ultimate goal of moksha. To illustrate that enormity, let me conclude with a parable I made up for my book Hinduism for Dummies.
You’re climbing some rock-cut steps to an ancient temple on a hill. But this temple is not to a deity. It has no priests. It has no bells to ring, and you do not bring any offerings beyond your self in body and spirit. As you climb, at each step, one after another, you discard a dogma. You reject ritualistic approaches. You sweat through the futility of pride and vanity and settle for humility. You seek satisfaction beyond the pleasure of the senses—something deeper. As you climb higher and higher, you recognize that ignorance of your real nature is the source of all problems, so your goal is to destroy ignorance. Another step up, and you realize that you do not need to abandon anything but simply to remain detached. As the ancient Hindus said, real knowledge and infinite joy are yours. With the next step, you realize that simply believing is not enough; you must experience it yourself: your Self. One more step, and you rise above mere intellect and stand on the threshold of a mystic experience, with your heart and intuition tuned to that experience.
Experience and experience alone counts on this hill. The sanctum sanctorum—the holiest of holy places—in this temple contains bliss. That is what the ancient Hindus considered worth living (dying?) for. Your interest is nothing but spiritual illumination. You have entered the temple of the Upanishads. You have reached the source of joy. Now you can begin your earnest inquiry into the ultimate Truth.
Note that with each step in this parable, we reject and discard a weakness in order to become strong—a true step towards happiness. At the end of this process of rejection, we are blissful and fully qualified to attain moksha upon passing.
This is the Hindu way. Other faiths might offer similar knowledge and guidance towards a happy, healthy, meaningful life. But this parable illustrates a powerful guide to a path to happiness.
How can we, as individuals, experience happiness when elsewhere there is unimaginable suffering? We live in a connected world. Our mission therefore ought to be world peace. We need millions, hundreds of millions, on the planet to experience happiness. How can we spread such a message of strength and peace far and wide? Who will carry on this crucial task?
Past experiences point to young people everywhere who have often risen up to right the wrongs of the world. Two recent examples stand out: Nobel Peace Prize winner Malala Yousafzai (who has been promoting the education of girls) and Greta Thunberg (who has drawn attention to climate change), illustrating two issues closely connected to bringing about world peace.
Today’s youth, armed with a positive outlook on life and using modern social media communication tools, can energize their counterparts in their communities as well as thousands of miles away. This level of connectivity allows the message to go viral. Once that happens, it must develop respect by all for all worldwide, irrespective of their religious, political, cultural, and social beliefs. Then we are close to a world at peace. Such a world is a happy world that we can look forward to live in adyeha: here and now!
Source Material
Narasimha, Roddam. Verses for the Brave: Selections from the Yoga-Vasisthta. New Delhi: Penguin Random House, 2020.
Dr. A.V. (Sheenu) Srinivasan is the author of many publications, including the books Vedic Wedding: Origins, Tradition, and Practice (National Best Book Award in 2007), A Hindu Primer: Yaksha Prashna (Benjamin Franklin Award in 2016); and Hinduism for Dummies, second edition. His papers on a variety of Hinduism-related topics have appeared in Vedanta Kesari; Prabuddha Bharata; Quest: Journal of the Theosophical Society of America; Bhavan’s Journal; and Tattva Loka. Publishers include Bangalore Press, Periplus Line, Wiley White River Press, Penguin Random House, Cambridge University Press, and Vision Books, New Delhi. His website is www.avsrinivasan.com.

