Roots and Shoots: Theosophy in the United States

By Dorothy Bell

Originally printed in the Winter 2010 issue of Quest magazine. 
Citation: Bell, Dorothy."Roots and Shoots: Theosophy in the United States." Quest  98. 1 (Winter 2010): 22-26.

Theosophical Society - Dorothy Bell is well known as an international educator in Theosophy.  She considers that it is the way we each see life that influences our understanding of our world.Some members have expressed an interest in finding out about Theosophy beyond our own organization, the Theosophical Society in America (Adyar). In response, TSA president Betty Bland commissioned me to do a ready-reference family tree of American Theosophy. The accompanying diagram is introductory to more detailed ones that show events and personalities who shaped the family tree of American Theosophy. While they are a work in process, they may be accessed on the TSA Web site, www.theosophical.org/about/FamilyTreeTheosophy.pdf [pdf]. This article is an informal commentary on the original purpose and the issues that were instrumental in shaping the tree.

The names, events, and dates in the history of United States Theosophy can disguise the true nature of its cycles and patterns of growth, decline, and rebirth, and within them the struggles to bring the original purpose of the Theosophical Society to fruition. In this context, it is useful to remember the original purpose of the TS.

The idea of forming the Society was experimental. It was a"trial" (Mahatma Letters, 49) initiated from the inner realms to bring about a public organization that would reflect the inner Brotherhood. It was to be a channel, a vessel of light from the inner world, radiating outwards to help humanity rise to the next level of consciousness. It was a philanthropic work by those who initiated it, to build the "foundations of a new continent of thought" (Mahatma Letters, 68) for the next stage of the evolution of humanity, and it was chosen as"the cornerstone, the foundation of the future religion of humanity"(Mahatma Letters, 478). Since it was a trial or experiment, there was no guarantee of success, as the Brother Koot Hoomi acknowledged:"We are playing a risky game and the stakes are human souls" (Mahatma Letters, 58). KH also displayed his understanding of the human condition when he advised,"You must be aware that the chief object of the T. S. is not so much to gratify individual aspirations as to serve our fellow men" (Mahatma Letters, 8).

"The Original Programme of the Theosophical Society," written by H. P. Blavatsky in 1886, offers further insights, including this advice from a master (she does not specify which one):

Theosophy must not represent merely a collection of moral verities, a bundle of metaphysical Ethics epitomized in theoretical dissertations. Theosophy must be made practical, and has, therefore, to be disencumbered of useless discussion . . . It has to find objective expression in an all-embracing code of life thoroughly impregnated with its spirit"the spirit of mutual tolerance, charity and love. (Blavatsky, Collected Writings, 7:169)

Thus the Theosophical Society can be said to be a vehicle that is to stand for Life and Light "truth, wisdom, compassion, and love "for unity and Universal Brotherhood, assisting individuals towards Self-realization, towards wholeness and oneness in discovering the divinity of their true nature. It is for Theosophists to build an"all-embracing code of life"an ethical mode of living"to be firmly anchored in their true spiritual nature rather than in the ignorance and delusion of socially conditioned thought and belief. Blavatsky underscores the need for independent and original thought:"Be what he may, once that a student abandons the old and trodden highway of routine, and enters upon the solitary path of independent thought "Godward" he is a Theosophist; an original thinker, a seeker after the eternal truth with 'an inspiration of his own' to solve the universal problems" (HPB Teaches, 56).

So the great "work in progress" for members since its inception has been that of building a nucleus of Universal Brotherhood, which is an expression of natural law, and enabling each individual to break out of second-hand beliefs and perceptions of temporal identity. The TS was created to support individual self-enlightenment, to restore a connection to the divine that has been obscured by thought and belief, and thereby to restore our connection to the divine in each other.

Organizationally, the Theosophical Society was formed in New York in 1875, under the leadership of Blavatsky (general secretary), Henry Steel Olcott (founder-president), and William Quan Judge (counsel). In 1878-79, Blavatsky and Olcott moved to India, settling first in Bombay and in 1882 in Adyar, near Madras (today's Chennai). In 1884, Olcott ordered a Board of Control to be established in order to serve as a central management for lodges in the United States. In 1886, the General Council of the TS in Adyar instructed Judge to organize the American branches into a"Section of the General Council of the Theosophical Society." That year, the American Section of the TS was officially formed in Cincinnati, with Judge as general secretary.

From the early beginnings in New York, when the experiment began and the seed of the Theosophical Society was planted, there were times of exciting growth and expansion. The pioneering spirit inspired the trailblazers to surmount the many obstacles that come from building an organization from the beginning without a blueprint, at a time when practically the only models were those of the established churches. The latter were, in fact, models that the Theosophists were explicitly instructed to shun. In"The Original Programme of the Theosophical Society" Blavatsky wrote,"If the two Founders were not told what they had to do, they were distinctly instructed what they should never do, what they had to avoid and what the Society should never become. Church organizations, Christian and Spiritual sects were shown as the future contrasts to our Society" (Blavatsky, Collected Writings, 7:146; emphasis HPB's).

As the Society evolved, there were times of consolidation as well as conflict, and (to pursue the metaphor of the family tree) storms damaged branches, sometimes splitting them asunder. New seasons saw some branches thicken and extend offshoots, while others withered and died. In addition, runners from the main roots found their own place in new garden beds. The accompanying diagram illustrates only some of these offshoots. It does not depict the many small groups or magnetic centers that have formed around Theosophists or others that have been deeply influenced by Theosophy and have played an important role in what could be called the underground spiritual movement.

Perhaps Blavatsky had foreseen, even encouraged, this more informal but more natural model of organizing and teaching when she said in her letter to the American Convention in 1888,"The multiplication of local centres should be a foremost consideration in your minds, and each man should strive to be a centre of work in himself. When his inner development has reached a certain point, he will naturally draw those with whom he is in contact under the same influence; a nucleus will be formed, round which other people will gather, forming a centre from which information and spiritual influence radiate, and towards which higher influences are directed" (Blavatsky, Collected Writings, 10:242).

So what were the issues that contributed to these splits and offshoots in the family tree? Across the spectrum of national and international controversies large and small, a number of contributing factors seem to emerge: freedom of thought versus conformity; termination of membership; codes of conduct or regulatory frameworks to deal with"unbrotherly" or"untheosophical" behavior and other matters; teachings and phenomena related to psychic and spiritual powers; independence from other organizations; succession of leaders; use of power and position; the mix between serving humanity and individual aspirations; concern with personalities and positions rather than teachings; dilution and purity of teachings; the balance among intellectual knowledge, experiential learning, and service; the"right" policies and methods to achieve the perceived original purpose of the Society. But all of these can be summed up in a remark by a delegate to the American convention in 1895, who said that for many, the commitment to"being right" was far stronger than the commitment to Universal Brotherhood. Sometimes intransigent views led to separation and divorce, and new cycles of birth and growth"or decline and decay"were begun.

The first big storm to have far-reaching effects in the United States began after the passing of Blavatsky in 1891, when issues relating to coleadership of the Esoteric Section by Judge and Annie Besant created early tensions. Blavatsky's final letter to the Americans at the 1891 convention (read two weeks before her death) warned prophetically of such dangers.

Now I have marked with pain a tendency among you, as among the Theosophists in Europe and India, to quarrel over trifles, and to allow your very devotion to the cause of Theosophy to lead you into disunion. . . . Advantage is often taken . . . of your noblest qualities to betray and to mislead you. . . . Some of you may put small faith in the actual existence of the terrible forces of these mental, hence subjective and invisible, yet withal living and potent, influences around all of us. But there they are, and I know of more than one among you who have felt them. . . . On those of you who are unselfishly and sincerely devoted to the Cause, they will produce little, if any, impression. On some others, those who place their personal pride higher than their duty to the T.S., higher even than their pledge to their divine self, the effect is generally disastrous.

Self-watchfulness is never more necessary than when a personal wish to lead, and wounded vanity, dress themselves in the peacock's feathers of devotion and altruistic work. . . . If every Fellow in the Society were content to be an impersonal force for good, careless of praise or blame so long as he subserved the purpose of the Brotherhood, the progress made would astonish the World and place the Ark of the T.S. out of danger. (Blavatsky, Collected Writings, 13:172-73)

Tensions also arose between Olcott (the founder-president), Besant (the vice-president), and Judge (general secretary of the American Section). As a result of ongoing concerns and misunderstandings"for example, Olcott submitting, then withdrawing, his resignation"the process became polarized. Controversy about letters received and used by Judge, allegedly from the Brothers, snowballed into protests and petitions, claims and counterclaims, charges, and a call for a formal inquiry. Despite attempts at reconciliation, the impetus of the conflict was never really halted until 1895, when, with an Act of Secession, most American lodges and members, under Judge's leadership, broke with the American Section. This body was named the Theosophical Society in America (confusingly, this name would be adopted by three different organizations in subsequent decades). This new organization underwent its own teething problems, particularly after the passing of Judge in 1896. At this time Katherine Tingley assumed leadership of the splinter group, which in 1898 was renamed the Universal Brotherhood and Theosophical Society (UB & TS). This organization moved to Point Loma, California, in 1900. After the death of Katherine Tingley in 1929, it was led by Gottfried de Purucker until his own death in 1942. It relocated and renamed itself several times in the first half of the twentieth century. Today it is called the Theosophical Society (Pasadena), although its present headquarters are technically in neighboring Altadena. In 1951 William Hartley broke with this organization to form his own branch of the Theosophical Society, now headquartered in The Hague and called the Theosophical Society (Point Loma-The Hague).

Further conflicts occurred at different times and for various reasons, and more offshoots carried Theosophy in a number of different directions, as the accompanying diagram indicates. In 1898, Judge's secretary, Ernest T. Hargrove, split with Tingley to form a second organization called the Theosophical Society in America. (This body disbanded in 1943.) In the same year William H. Dower and Francia A. LaDue also split with Tingley to form the Temple of the People, today located in Halcyon, California. In 1909, Robert Crosbie, another student of Judge's who broke with Tingley, formed the United Lodge of Theosophists (ULT) in Los Angeles. Yet another body, the Blavatsky Association, was founded in 1923 by William Kingsland and Alice Cleather; it disbanded in 1947.

After the 1895 split, the American Section of the TS"that is, the lodges and members that stayed loyal to Adyar"began the task of reorganizing and rebuilding. The organization rapidly expanded, and many members returned, particularly after popular lecture tours by international personalities including Besant, Olcott, and C. W. Leadbeater. In 1926 it established a new center in Wheaton, Illinois, and in 1934 it renamed itself the Theosophical Society in America (Adyar), the name it still carries. To this day the Society continues to provide stability, outreach, and support for thousands of members.

Perhaps those who have been disillusioned by these events and by the behavior of some of the main characters in the past historical dramas of our Society would take heart from HPB's earlier comments in"The Original Programme of the Theosophical Society":

It was never denied that the Organization of the TS was very imperfect. Errare humanum est. . . . the TS cannot be destroyed as a body. It is not in the power of either Founders or their critics; and neither friend nor enemy can ruin that which is doomed to exist, all the blunders of its leaders notwithstanding. That which was generated through and founded by the"High Masters" and under their authority if not their instruction"must and will live. Each of us and all will receive his or her Karma in it, but the vehicle of Theosophy will stand indestructible and undestroyed by the hand of whether man or fiend. No;"truth does not depend on show of hands." (Blavatsky, Collected Writings, 7:150, 164-65; emphasis HPB's)

How, then, can we make use of these insights in taking Theosophy into the third millennium?

It is reasonable to suggest that the original purpose of the Society"to form an external brotherhood in the light of the wisdom tradition"might be revisited and the means and ends of educational activities reviewed. Sometimes in institutions, means gradually become ends. Questions could be asked about how Theosophy is being made practical. How are teachings being presented as a way of living, a road to peace, a way of being without fear, a way of thinking, feeling, and acting? How are the impediments to walking the way of wisdom explored and resolved? Is Universal Brotherhood seen as an unattainable ideal, or is it being seriously explored as a higher level of consciousness and being towards which a student might work? What is the role of psychology in designing educational programs and choosing methods of teaching and learning? Do they vary according to the needs and beliefs of those who seek? Are they aligned to the self-empowerment of the seeker?

In a letter to the turbulent London Lodge in 1884, Koot Hoomi made some relevant observations:"Thus it is plain that the methods of Occultism"though in the main unchangeable"have yet to conform to altered times and circumstances. . . . The only object to be striven for is the amelioration of the condition of man by the spread of truth suited to the various stages of his development and that of the country in which he inhabits and belongs to" (Mahatma Letters, 410).

Do altered times and circumstances require different policies? Should the teachings be disseminated in a manner suited to the level of individual development and the social context? Such questions may seem heretical to some, but to others they mean that there is still work to be done and new insights to be gathered from, for example, theories in education and psychology. There is also a need to develop more understanding of and experience in the methods of intuitive and contemplative inquiry and learning. In addition, over the last thirty years, the mushrooming of diverse New Age groups in many Western countries attests to the search for personal meaning and spiritual growth across all age groupings in our societies. Perhaps in the success and growth of these groups there is also something to be learned.

 

 

References

 

Blavatsky, H.P. Collected Writings. Fifteen volumes. Wheaton: Theosophical Publishing House, 1950-91.
Chin, Vicente Hao, Jr., ed. The Mahatma Letters to A. P. Sinnett in Chronological Sequence. Adyar: Theosophical Publishing House, 1998.
Gomes, Michael. HPB Teaches: An Anthology. Adyar: Theosophical Publishing House, 1992.
Harris, Philip S., ed. Theosophical Encyclopedia. Quezon City, Philippines: Theosophical Publishing House, 2006.
Mills, Joy. One Hundred Years of Theosophy. Wheaton: Theosophical Publishing House, 1987.
Santucci, James M."The Theosophical Society." In James M. Lewis and Jesper Aagaard Petersen, eds. Controversial New Religions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

 

 

Dorothy Bell completed degrees in arts and education at the University of Melbourne and at the University of New England in Australia, and first visited America in 1990 as a Fulbright Scholar. Since joining the Theosophical Society in 1999, she has lectured at TS conferences in the United States, New Zealand, India, and Australia. She is also a Reiki master.


What About the Future?

By Betty Bland

Theosophical Society - Betty Bland served as President of the Theosophical Society in America and made many important and lasting contributions to the growth and legacy of the TSA. What is our purpose? What are we, who care deeply about the world, to do? If we are committed to the work of the adepts, the inner founders of the Theosophical Society, how can we stay focused and positive in the face of seemingly endless turmoil and violence? In our younger years of high idealism, we might have felt that we could "save the world" and that we would save it. Some young readers of this piece may still feel that way, and I hope they are successful. However, as time goes by and as our world broadens to include the entire globe, the problems can seem insurmountable.

In considering what we might do, we need to first look at where and who we are before ascertaining where we want to go and how to get there. Often when my husband, David, and I are driving somewhere and we get turned around (a less objectionable term than "getting lost"), I am assigned to be the map reader. As David cruises by street signs that either glide by too quickly or are too obscured by glare for my eyes to focus on, I am totally lost as to where we are on the map"”and am no help whatsoever. We have to first figure out where we are, either by seeing an identifying landmark or by stopping to read a sign. (Real men do not ask directions.) A map or plan requires both a starting and an ending point in order to be useful. I recognize that this analogy may be lost on those of you who have graduated to GPS systems in your cars, but even though the new technology can tell you where you are, you cannot move ahead without knowing the address of your destination.

So let us start with where we are. Have we formed a coherent nucleus of the universal brotherhood of humanity? Are we at least working in that direction? Are we building into our own characters a willingness to listen to our brothers and sisters? Do we consider kindness as a primary motivation for our actions? Of course, as imperfect human beings, we probably cannot answer totally in the affirmative, but to the degree that we can, we can be assured that we are generally headed in the right direction.

We are currently in a time of transition from the old Piscean energies of belief structures and authority figures to the uncharted waters of Aquarius, the age of cooperative knowledge and understanding. The networking capabilities of the Internet personify the spirit of this new age. Although for many of us this heightened fluidity creates stress and confusion, somehow we have to be able to regain our bearings in the cross-currents of these times. Perhaps we can be more hopeful if we realize that the chaos we see without and within is a necessary pathway of transition.

There are many things that we cannot understand or predict, but one thing is certain. If we are to have a life worth living, if we are to travel toward a better future, we must incorporate compassion and tolerance as an essential component of our being. Many of our standard landmarks may be changing, but the mandate toward brotherhood/sisterhood remains constant throughout the ages. Jesus told us to love our neighbors as ourselves. He also taught that we could not love our spiritual parent, whom we have not seen, if we could not love our brothers or sisters, whom we have seen.

So wherever we find ourselves, the one certain direction is to seek to build relationships in which we touch spirit to spirit, in which we are bonded by a mutual understanding of unity and ageless spiritual principles. In the June 2009 issue of TheoSophia magazine from New Zealand, President Warwick Keys stated that if a number of people equal to the square root of one percent of the population would meditate on the same thing, it would have far-reaching results. I am not sure of the source of his figures, but I am convinced of the inherent truth of his statement. I propose that this same kind of disproportionate outcome exists relative to our impact on the world.

We always have the option of following some of the divisive patterns of the past, when members of our band stood divided against one another. Many times our Society has had disagreements and splits over issues that could have been resolved if egos and personalities could have been put aside. Our penchant for fractiousness can be reviewed in the historical family tree of American Theosophy by Dorothy Bell of this issue. This history highlights the need for us to increase and strengthen our bonds of fellowship as Theosophists"”in our lodges, in our federations, at the national and international levels"”wherever and however we can be drawn together in ways that make those bonds possible. Only by working together can we transform the world.

Once forged, those bonds become living strands within our nucleus and form what Buddhists call our sangha, our spiritual family, which provides spiritual support and encouragement. This kind of spiritual family used to be more or less limited to one"™s physical location, but can now be extended worldwide. As a part of the new wave of possibilities brought to us by our modern culture, our territory is the entire planet. The masters surely understood this when they inspired the impulse toward forming the Society, as did the French scientist and philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin when he postulated the concept of the noosphere"”a dimension of consciousness that encompasses the globe. In both instances, they saw a spiritual network as being a goal of humanity as well as the ultimate salvation of our world. Grasping this idea alone can turn the tide away from violence and the clash of civilizations.

Theosophical author Geoffrey Hodson glimpsed the reality of this inner fellowship as spanning not only national borders but also the demarcations of time. In chapter 7 of Thus Have I Heard he wrote:

Nature has placed many of us in incarnation in the West. We are being borne upon the crest of a wave of materialism and of intense physical activity. We must learn to achieve and to maintain that spiritual poise and inner realisation which was ours in olden days. We no longer enjoy the close physical companionships of long ago, when we prayed and worked together in the temples, monasteries and mystery schools, for we are now spread all over the world. The old association remains but it is now mental. We are united by our common acceptance of the teachings of the Ancient Wisdom. No matter in what part of the world we may be, we are in reality one body corporate. Our ancient friendships and relationships show themselves today as we draw together in the same great cause, and follow the same glorious Leaders, who are the Masters of the Wisdom, and Their exalted representatives in the outer world.

In this sense we are to be the cornerstone of the future religions of humanity. Our activities and studies have to draw us toward this kind of bonding or they become exercises in futility. How this translates into specific programs we can only work at day by day, but this much I know: the means has to be inherent in the end sought. In other words, our goal is present at every crossroads: every step along the way has to include elements of the goal. If this goal is an unfolding of universal brotherhood/sisterhood, then the map calls for each one of us to incorporate that into the patterns of our work in daily life and for the Society. Each such spiritual bond is a treasure, a gift not only to ourselves but also to the stability of today"™s world and to the vast future stretching before us.

 

The Dawn of Aquarius: The Turning of the Great Ages

By Ray Grasse

Originally printed in the Winter 2010 issue of Quest magazine. 
Citation: Grasse, Ray. "The Dawn of Aquarius: The Turning of the  Great Ages." Quest  98. 1 (Winter 2010): 10-13.

Theosophical Society - Ray Grasse is a Chicago-based writer, musician, photographer, and astrologer. He worked for ten years on the editorial staffs of Quest Books and The Quest magazine. Imagine the world as it would appear from the perspective of an ant wandering onstage during a performance of Shakespeare's Midsummer's Night's Dream. All around you there unfolds a great drama, replete with exotic colors, sounds, and complex happenings; yet because of your limited perspective, the meaning of it all escapes you. You can't comprehend the multilayered significance of this drama or grasp how these diverse elements fit into a greater unfolding story being played out in several acts. And yet only by understanding that larger context could you perceive how these elements are really facets of a greater narrative.

In a way, our own predicament is rather like this. We, too, find ourselves meandering across a great "stage" that of history itself. To the casual eye, the events transpiring around us may seem like a chaotic jumble of random occurrences: a rocket carrying seven crew members explodes in midair; a world leader finds himself embroiled in a foreign war; a new computer technology suddenly takes the world by storm. At first glance there is little to suggest that such things possess any meaning or relation to one another. Yet our problem may simply be one of proximity: perhaps we're just too close to grasp what is going on. If our perspective were broad enough, perhaps we'd recognize how these isolated events are facets of a much greater story.

For the esotericist, an important key toward helping unlock that broader perspective is the concept of the Great Ages. We presently find ourselves straddling the threshold between the "acts," as it were, of the Piscean and the Aquarian Ages. Like vast tectonic plates shifting deep within the collective unconscious, this epochal transition has already begun manifesting as a series of seismic changes throughout our world, as the forms of an older age make way for those of a radically new one.

Will the coming era be a time of peace, love, and brotherhood, as some suggest? Or will it bring about an Orwellian police state where men and women become little more than cogs in a bureaucratic machine? If history is any guide, the truth will probably be more complex than we expect or can even imagine. It's useful to remember that the same Piscean Age that brought us Jesus Christ also brought us Torquemada and the Inquisition, not to mention televangelist Jimmy Swaggert. To help us make sense of these unfolding complexities, let's look briefly at a few of the key symbols and archetypal themes associated with both of these eras.

The Age of Pisces 

For two millennia now, we have been under the influence primarily of the watery sign of Pisces. The exact beginning of the Piscean Age is hotly debated, though most would agree that it can be loosely associated with the start of the Christian era. The manifestations of the Piscean Age include the rise of a global religion centering primarily on symbols of water: baptism, walking on water, changing water into wine, and so forth. Indeed, for the student of astrological symbolism Christianity offers a virtual mother lode of correspondences in connection with Pisces.

For example, Christian scripture speaks extensively of fishermen, sympathy for society's outcasts, martyrdom, and the washing of feet—all traditional symbols of Pisces. One of the defining miracles of Christ's ministry was the feeding of the multitude with two fishes and five loaves of bread. More subtly, the Catholic practice of eating fish on Friday is sometimes linked to the fact that Friday is governed by Venus, the planet that is "exalted" (attains its optimal expression) in Pisces.

Were these correspondences intentional on the part of the church fathers, or are they purely synchronistic? Even scholars disagree on this point, so we may never know for sure. Either way, we can study these symbols for what they reveal about the archetypal dynamics of the time. Viewed as a whole, they suggest that humanity was learning to relate to reality and the divine through a more emotional filter. In its constructive aspect, this brought about a newfound element of compassion and faith in key segments of society, especially in the Christian world. A spiritual sensibility emerged which spoke of "turning the other cheek" rather than smiting one's enemies— shift from Roma to Amor, in a sense.

More negatively, this same emphasis on emotionality ushered in a spirit of dogmatism and persecution within the emerging religions. Pisces is intensely concerned with matters of faith, but taken to extremes, this can lead to zealotry, self-righteousness, and the urge to establish absolute guidelines for all to follow. At its worst, the Piscean Age was an era of religious intolerance, when large populations were expected to show unquestioning allegiance to a monolithic belief system, as was the case for much of Christianity and Islam during this period.

One of the more striking Piscean symbols found in Christianity is its central image—the crucifixion. It is sobering to consider that for nearly two millennia Western culture has defined itself largely in terms of an image of someone being tortured in a particularly gruesome manner. Viewed archetypally, this singular seed image contains both the best and worst of the Piscean legacy. At its worst, the crucifixion expresses dark Piscean qualities like self-pity, masochism, guilt, and martyrdom. These traits reflect the self-dissolving principle of water, but directed in a more destructive way. In some respects the Piscean Age could be called the ultimate age of neurosis, an era when many believed suffering and guilt were somehow synonymous with spirituality. This is precisely the sort of delusion that arises when the ego is unhealthy or ungrounded and finds itself drawn back into the more corrosive and ego-dissolving emotions of the soul.

But the crucifixion has a more positive interpretation too. As astrologers know, Pisces symbolically relates to the transcendence of the ego and the surrender of personal interests in service of higher ideals. As the last sign in the zodiac, Pisces is that final stage in the soul's evolution where the boundaries of personality have begun dissolving and the soul now merges with the great cosmic ocean. In its highest sense, this is what the crucifixion means: the willing capacity for sacrifice, worship, and profound devotion. This is the water element at its most refined. Some examples of this would be St. Francis of Assisi, or the ideals of chivalry and courtly love, with their ethos of self-sacrifice and idealism, that arose during the medieval era. Note, too, that the word for that other major Piscean Age religion, Islam, means "surrender" when translated into English.

Whereas the Age of Aries (c. 2100 bc–ad 1) brought an awakening of the outwardly directed ego, the more feminine Piscean Age brought about a newfound sense of interiority or inwardness. In religious terms, this was evident in the emerging Christian emphasis on moral reflectivity, or conscience. The underside of this development was the emergence of a new mood of guilt throughout Western society. Prior to Christianity, one rarely finds a sense of conscience or "sin" as we now think of it. The earlier Greeks saw their relationship to the gods in more mechanical and external terms than we do now. When crimes were committed, one atoned for them not because of an inner sense of guilt but because of a belief that one had accrued a "stain" of sorts that could be removed through an appropriate sacrifice.

On another level, this new sense of interiority was mirrored in the rise of architectural features like the dome and the arch, so critical to Islamic mosques or Roman structures like the Pantheon. Artistic shifts like these symbolized a new world of emotions opening up during the early Christian era. Centuries later, this same development made possible the later birth of modern psychology.

The Age of Aquarius (ad c. 2100–c. 4200)

The most frequently asked question concerning the Aquarian Age is, when does it begin? That's a bit like determining when the dawn starts. Is it when the morning sky first starts glowing long before the actual sunrise? Or is it when the sun actually appears over the horizon?

The same problem applies to understanding the timing of any Great Age. An age doesn't begin on a single day or year but unfolds gradually over many years or even centuries, exerting its influence in pronounced waves like the incoming tide. Consequently, while the Aquarian Age may not manifest fully for several hundred years yet—most estimates suggest somewhere between ad 2100 and 2800—;there are any number of clues to suggest that its forces have already begun appearing in our world. The rise of the Internet is a current example, but we can see evidence of it even as far back as the American Revolution. 

Whereas Pisces is traditionally associated with the element of water, Aquarius is associated with the element of air. Outwardly, this is reflected in the startling rise of aviation technologies and space travel over the last century. In a quite literal sense, humans are learning to master the air realm, not only with aviation but through the construction of ever taller buildings that allow us to live higher up off the ground than ever before. The media also employ metaphors that reflect this elemental shift when they say that a show is going "on the air" or a broadcaster is "taking to the airwaves."

But these outer developments are really reflections of an inner shift taking place, one that relates to an awakening of mind throughout the culture. Symbolically understood, air is the medium through which we communicate ideas, and is the element most associated with rationality and thinking. This means that the Aquarian Age will likely usher in major advances in humanity's intellectual growth, though probably at widely varying levels of sophistication. Someone living a life in front of a TV set might be described as pursuing a "mental" existence, but in a vastly different way than the scientist struggling to unlock the mysteries of the cosmos. Terms like "information superhighway" or the "information revolution" are further examples of how the impending Aquarian influence has already begun to propel our world toward more mental values and modes of experience. The modern separation of church and state is another important example of the disengaging of our rational minds from the dogmatic and emotional concerns of the Piscean Age.

A vital key toward understanding the meaning of Aquarius resides in the way each of the different elements repeats itself three times over the course of the zodiac. In other words, there are three earth signs, three water signs, three fire signs, and three air signs. Each version of that element expresses it in subtly different ways. To illustrate this, let us focus here on the trio of air signs: Gemini, Libra, and Aquarius.

The Three Faces of Air

Given the progressive nature of the zodiac, it's hardly surprising that each of these three signs would reflect the workings of the mind in broader and increasingly impersonal ways. For instance, in Gemini, rationality expresses itself in a highly personal manner, through the workings of the everyday mind and ordinary forms of communication. In Libra, the rationality of the air element manifests in more interpersonal ways, through a mentality directed toward interactions with others in wider social contexts. Some simple examples would be a teacher standing before a class or a salesman dealing with clients.

In Aquarius, we find the element of air-rationality expressing itself through the most impersonal contexts of all, in terms of large masses of people—or even the cosmos itself. Aquarius could be described as the principle of cosmic rationality or cosmic mind, the ability to perceive and make connections of the most abstract and universal sort. Aquarius isn't simply concerned with ideas and theoretical relations; it is concerned with ideas and relationships that are global or cosmic in scope.

For this reason, the Aquarian Age will likely be an era when science rather than religion will be the dominant paradigm, with scientists becoming the new high priests. Whereas religion purported to reveal the moral and theological principles underlying the world, science attempts to uncover, in a wholly secular way, the universal physical laws and principles underlying nature. It aspires to a completely impersonal—and very Aquarian—understanding of the universe, divested of subjective feelings and opinions.

This impersonality is also evident in the way many of us now are developing social connections and networks extending over vast distances, using technologies like the Internet or TV. These allow people across the world to communicate with one another, but in more cerebral ways than ever before. It's one of the paradoxes of our time that just as we're becoming more interconnected with people across the entire world, we find ourselves knowing less about the people living next door to us.

This shifting orientation toward Aquarian air is also responsible for our growing fascination with outer space and its exploration, as reflected in films such as Star Wars or 2001: A Space Odyssey, or TV shows like Star Trek. Works like these capture the emerging spirit of a "longing for the stars" that is so intrinsic to Aquarius. The modern fascination with UFOs and extraterrestrial life will likely become even stronger in the years to come, as humanity finds its speculations in these areas progressively translating into concrete reality.

Symbols on the Brink of Aquarius

With one foot in the Piscean Age behind us and the other in the Aquarian Age ahead of us, we find ourselves caught between radically contrasting value systems. If the Great Ages represent a Shakespearean drama of cosmic proportions, we've stepped onto the stage precisely at the point "between acts," when the old props and backdrops are being replaced by new ones. One result of living in this liminal state is the rise of various transitional forms—symbolic hybrids of Piscean and Aquarian energies. Here are a few examples of these from recent times.

Televangelism
. What happens when old-style Piscean Christianity meets up with Aquarian-style telecommunications? One result is that distinctly modern phenomenon called televangelism, in which preachers engage the fruits of cutting-edge media technology for spreading the gospel of salvation to ever-larger audiences.

The abortion debate.
As one Great Age comes up against another, there can be a violent clashing of values and ideologies from both sides of the divide. A vivid example of this is the modern controversy over abortion. On the one hand there are the largely Christian "prolife" advocates representing the values of the Piscean Age, with their expression of sympathy for the helpless unborn. On the other hand there are the "prochoice" advocates representing the forces of Aquarius, championing the rights of individuals to decide their own fates. Over the years there has been little compromise between the views of these two camps, and there is little hope for change in sight, but with good reason. They arise out of two fundamentally different paradigms, two radically different ways of seeing and evaluating the world—one from the last Great Age and the other from the next.

The storming of the Bastille
. Sometimes even single events can serve as archetypal benchmarks in the transition between eras. One of the earliest and most dramatic examples of this was the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, a pivotal event in the French Revolution. On this date, French radicals took over and opened up the famed prison, which had been holding political prisoners, and released those few who remained. In astrological symbolism, prisons are associated with Pisces, while the principles of freedom and revolution are associated with Aquarius. The opening up of a prison and release of its prisoners was a symbolic landmark in the move from the old authoritarian order to a more freedom-oriented one.

Alcoholics Anonymous.
For astrologers, one of the negative symbols associated with Pisces is addiction to intoxicants like alcohol, drugs, or even fossil fuels! Groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) offer an example of people coming together to break free from their addiction to alcohol, nicely symbolizing the effort to undo our bondage to Piscean consciousness. AA is thus a hybrid. It has one foot firmly planted in the values of the receding age, not only because of its focus on alcohol but its emphasis on surrendering to a higher power ("Let go and let God!"), not to mention its own brand of "commandments" (the Twelve Steps). At the same time, AA is committed to breaking free from addictions and is essentially democratic and nondenominational—factors all associated with the emerging Aquarian era.

Transitional symbols in cinema.
Poet Ezra Pound once suggested that artists are the antennae of the race. Over the last two centuries we have seen many examples of how the arts can serve as a rich repository of symbolic clues for understanding the transformations taking place in our world. Take the case of Peter Weir's 1998 film The Truman Show, based on a script by Andrew Niccol. This ingenious movie tells the story of Truman Burbank (played by Jim Carrey) and his efforts to break free of a media-permeated world in which he has spent his life as the unwitting subject. Lording over this world is a powerful artist named Christof (Ed Harris), who has choreographed the circumstances of Truman's life from birth onward as part of a vast performance piece known to all except Truman himself.

Throughout most of the movie, Truman is shown living in a world bounded by water (Pisces); each time he attempts to escape from this world, he is lured back with the promise of alcohol (a Piscean symbol). He eventually learns to overcome these temptations and succeeds in escaping from this water-bound world into an air-based one (Aquarius). The movie climaxes with the protagonist walking on water and literally stepping into the sky. (Compare this with the original Matrix film, in which Neo, the lead character, awakens from an amniotic, water-based existence into an air-breathing one.) And what is the name of the Godlike figure from whom Truman is desperately trying to break free in his water-bound world? Christof, or, "of Christ"—yet another symbol of the Piscean era.

Transitional symbols in literature.
The transition to the Aquarian Age has expressed itself within the forms of modern literature as well. For instance, the passage from one age to another sometimes expresses itself in mythic symbols which depict a hero doing battle with a creature symbolically associated with the prior age. An example from Western religion would be Moses ordering the Israelites to destroy the golden calf, symbolizing the transition from the Age of Taurus to that of Aries. In modern times, a similar pattern can be found in books like Herman Melville's Moby Dick. Here we see a figure in the open air (Ahab) attempting to slay a creature of the sea, symbolizing transcendence over the water realm (Pisces). Additionally, if the whaling industry is taken as a symbol for modern industrial civilization generally (it was the first true industry to emerge from the young America), then Melville's tale underscores the shift from a more emotional age to the more technological and business-minded one of Aquarius.

The Pilgrims' immigration to America.
Whether we know it or not, we are all pushed or pulled to some degree by the imperatives of our age; we all act out the necessities of a broader drama. As one example of this, the effort by the Pilgrims to flee religious persecution in the Old World in search of religious freedom in the new one reflects a shift from the more dogmatic, persecution-oriented Piscean era to the freedom-oriented Aquarian Age. Little could they have realized that they were also setting the stage for a collective drama whose implications would extend far into the future and influence the geopolitical direction of an entire planet for centuries to come.

Lifting Our Sights

So what exactly can we expect in the Aquarian Age? As I hinted at the beginning of this article, the next Great Age will likely be every bit as complex and multifaceted as every other one that has preceded it. While some foretell a utopian era of knowledge and brotherhood, and others speak of a time when corporations and governments rule the day, it's more realistic to expect that the truth will lie within the constantly shifting ground between these extremes. For that reason, perhaps a better question to ask would be, what can we do to facilitate the highest expression of the coming era? As I've discussed in my book Signs of the Times, there are a number of specific steps we might consider for achieving this goal on both the collective and personal levels.

On the global scale, it means working to create a society that fosters higher values and ideals, not only through improved laws and educational institutions but the cultivation of increasingly enlightened business models. "If we create the body of civilization," the late philosopher Manly Palmer Hall once remarked, "then the soul body of civilization—which is the 'New Atlantis'—will move in and vitalize it. And instead of being a mechanistic culture defended only by mortal laws, it will be the manifestation of a loving being receiving light from the Eternal source of light" (Hall).

On a more personal level, enhancing the higher potentials of the Aquarian Age will involve, among other things, developing one's own higher mind and critical faculties, allowing one to remain free from the hypnotizing qualities of society's mental "grid"—the sociocultural matrix of our collective beliefs. Can you stand apart from the crowd and think for yourself? That's a question that's being asked by many of our emerging popular mythologies.

The Great Ages may come and go, but mystics repeatedly underscore the importance of not letting one's personal happiness be dependent upon outer circumstances. As the famed yogi Paramahansa Yogananda once remarked, "You do not have to wait for the end of the world in order to be free. There is another way: rise above the age in which you are born" (Yogananda, 67). Whether the Age of Aquarius turns out to be a utopia or an Orwellian nightmare, we ultimately have responsibility for our own awareness and attitudes—and in some ways that may be the most Aquarian lesson of all.


References

Manly Palmer Hall. "Francis Bacon: The New Atlantis." No. 1. Audio transcript: Landmarks of Esoteric Literature. Los Angeles: Philosophical Research Society, 1998.
Yogananda, Paramahansa. The Divine Romance. Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship, 1986.


Ray Grasse is author of The Waking Dream (Quest Books, 1996) and Signs of the Times: Unlocking the Symbolic Language of World Events (Hampton Roads, 2002), from which this article is adapted. He worked on the editorial staffs of Quest Books and Quest magazine for ten years. He can be reached at jupiter.enteract@rcn.com or through his Web site at www.raygrasse.com 


Father Time's Birthday Party

By Arlene Gay Levine

Originally printed in the Winter 2010 issue of Quest magazine. 
Citation: Levine, Arlene Gay."Father Time's Birthday Party." Quest  98. 1 (Winter 2010): 18-21.

Theosophical Society - Arlene Gay Levine is the author of Thirty-Nine Ways to Open Your Heart: An Illuminated Meditation.Once upon a time on a summer solstice, the longest day of the year, Father Time went on strike. Step by shaky step he descended the mountain where his timeworn workshop sat and headed toward the valley below. He was tired and cranky.

He had been around longer than anyone could remember, keeping track of time.
He slumped down on a boulder in the middle of a lush meadow. "Nobody cares about me anymore," he whined to Mother Earth as she lovingly tended the wild flowers of cinnamon red, mellow yellow, and cornflower blue blooming at her feet.

"I've been here so long people take me for granted. In fact, all they do is complain about me. You know, how there's never enough time."

"Oh, you're just feeling old," said Mother Earth. "You know, like time is passing you by. Come sit near one of my rivers and watch it flow. Notice how it drifts on and on forever and a day. It will help you relax."

"Or maybe you simply have too much time on your hands," added Brother Sun as he rose over the peaceful clearing. "How about helping me to grow this summer's crops?"

"You could kill some time with me," chimed in Sister Moon, barely visible in the morning sky. "Why we could spend all night traveling the time zones. Guaranteed to make time fly!"

Father Time was not listening. What did they know about being disregarded? People were always gazing at the moon, basking in the sun, and admiring the beauty of nature. He stood up, straightened his tattered gray coat, dusted off his torn top hat, and picked up his cane carved millennia ago from the branches of the first tree. "There is no time like the present to deal with a problem. World, get ready for a wakeup call. I am about to drop my first time bomb" Moving at double time, he charged off in the direction of his workshop.

Overhead flew the BlueSky Jester, wearing his cloud suit. Accompanying himself on an antique lute he sang to no one in particular:

Time for me, time for you
Time for everything we do
Hurry and rush are such a waste
The magician is one who has never known haste.

Surrounded by his huge library, clocks of every kind, shape, and size, and tons of time-related gizmos and gadgets that he had invented over time, Father Time smiled to himself. He carefully selected one of the big black volumes and flipped through the yellowing pages. When he found what he was looking for, he got up and danced a jagged little jig.

"Time is on my side!" he giggled as he shuffled around the room crowded with timepieces galore. "Now all I have to do is find it." And he began to search through all his assembled paraphernalia. Sundials, shadow sticks, candle clocks, alarm clocks, grandfather clocks, wall clocks, time capsules, egg timers, and wheelbarrows full of watches. No luck until he closed his eyes, spun clockwise three times, and pointed.

There, hidden behind the ancient water clock called the clepsydra, was what he needed: the World's Hourglass.

The glass had been blown from the shards of a rainbow, and its dainty holder was pure gold. He had built it himself back before time began and hoped it would not take an eternity to remember how to open it. Hours felt like seconds as, happily busy, he tinkered with the mechanism. With infinite care, he pried off the top. From his very fingertips, glowing now as bright as the gold, a substance began to fall into the hourglass.

He gave his hands a final shake. "Pressed for time, are they? I'll teach them to be ungrateful. This will put a wrinkle in their time: twenty-five hours instead of twenty-four!" Then he laughed a lonely laugh until tears ran down his lined face, making him seem even older than he was. The BlueSky Jester heard the sad sound and began to sing:

Yesterday is real as tomorrow
And they're both the same as today
Calendars change the numbers and names
Yet time is neither lost nor saved.

Before very long it appeared that something was wrong. Time seemed to pass more slowly than ever. Brother Sun could not judge when to rise or set. Sister Moon did not know when to wax and wane. Mating and hibernating became a guessing game for the animals in the fields. Even tides had no idea if they should rise or ebb.

Of course, the people were by far the worst off because they imagined that without time their world would end. They had built their lives out of seconds, minutes, and hours, and now they felt they had nothing to count on. What could they put their faith in if not time? Many of them were so depressed they refused to get out of bed. Others sat and wailed and waited for the end of time as if it were around the corner.

The only soul unaffected by the changes was the BlueSky Jester. Patient and kind, he made his rounds as usual at no specific time. Why worry when everyone was always in the right place right on time no matter where or when? He felt no pressure to keep up with the times. No time was especially superior, nor was there any one moment he would call bad. Things and times simply were or weren't, as they were meant to be, for the good of all. To cheer the people he sang:

Joyful moments, sacred hours
Days of sorrow, years of growth
Let us live as bloom the flowers
Sunup, sundown; perfect both.

As time passed, the novelty of Father Time's trick wore off, and he became more lonely and bored than ever. He wished someone would come and ask him the correct time. But the few people still brave enough to function now that the hours could not be trusted were busy trying to figure out what to do when.

Father Time was too proud to admit his bad behavior had not gotten him the attention he wanted. "Time waits for no man!" he howled in his solitary pain. Instead of removing the twenty-fifth hour, he began to add more to the hourglass, one for each day he was ignored. His fingertips glowed overtime.

Mother Earth began to worry, which was not like her at all. From time out of mind, the seasons had always come and gone on schedule. Of course she could not be sure now that time was out of whack, but soon it ought to be the autumnal equinox when the hours of night and day must balance. How would the light and dark share their power in the world when Father Time kept adding hours willy-nilly to each day?

She called Brother Sun and Sister Moon to her side. "Time is running out!"

"Don't you mean over?" asked Sister Moon, her silver eyes flashing from lack of sleep. "Why I've never seen so many hours in a day. How many is it now? Thirty-six? Forty-five? A hundred and two?"

"I've lost count," sighed Brother Sun. How weary he had become shining on and on, even when Sister Moon appeared, just in case. "I do know one thing for sure. We need a time saver. Why look at the leaves! They don't even know whether to turn colors or fall off." He shook his head sadly. "And what should I tell the robins when they ask if it's time to fly south?"

So even this powerful trio started to lose hope. Time was marching on, but for the time being it was on a nonstop parade with no time out. The feeling of gloom was overwhelming. Brother Sun, exhausted from all his overtime, began to fade, and without him Mother Earth and all her creatures were doomed. Sister Moon, however, refused to give up and instead imagined this headline in The New York Times: "Planet Saved in the Nick of Time."

As she visualized a solution, the BlueSky Jester arrived, unnoticed as usual, humming this little tune:

Time is a line
With no beginning or end
Some call it enemy; I call it friend.
Summer to fall, winter to spring
We all dance in the eternal ring.

Brother Sun, enlivened by the harmony of music and wisdom of words, became energized, his rays once more gently caressing the land.

" suddenly have this feeling,""

"have to let him know he is loved," agreed Brother Sun. "But how, if he doesn't already feel my warmth and understand? Or see the sparkling splendor of the night sky or the glory of growing things in this garden we call home?"

"You could throw him a party," said a tiny voice.

"Who is that?" the three called out in unison.

An infant neatly dressed in fluffy white diapers and a blue satin sash crawled toward them. "It's me, Baby New Year, and I can't be born if we don't get some order back around here. Things need to occur when it is time for them to happen. Don't you think it's high time we took some action?"

He was such an adorable baby that Mother Earth forgot her troubles for a moment and lifted him up on her lap. His innocent face beamed with the sheer joy of being alive. "I may not know much yet," he said, "but it seems like nothing makes people feel more special than a party in their honor. After all, I get one real doozy every year, so I am sort of an authority on the subject."

"Time is of the essence," said Mother Earth, almost to herself. "A party it will be." Then she smiled at Baby New Year. "Have you ever noticed, from time to time, it's the young ones who have the best answers?" Without wasting a moment, they set to gathering for the celebration all the things made more beautiful by time. First came the people of the planet and every fond memory they owned, followed by the harvest of mature fruit, vegetables, and wine. Sister Moon took a stitch in time and sewed a lovely new robe as a gift. She studded it with seven stars whose sparkle was known to grow brighter eon after eon. Then they sent Brother Sun to Father Time's workshop to shine his Light that was Love as an invitation.

In his musty ancient workshop, dark with the ravages of time, the old man felt like a prisoner doing time with no visitors allowed. Time and time again, he was tempted to empty the sands of time from the hourglass. Why go on if nobody would give him the time of day? Pacing back and forth, he decided that the perfect time was at hand. He picked up the World's Hourglass, ready to smash it into oblivion. Suddenly a ray of sunlight pierced through the shadows warming his gnarled hands.

"Come along with me, Father," said Brother Sun, "and bring that hourglass with you. We must be somewhere special exactly on time." Father Time scowled, but he was secretly overjoyed to see that someone at least had not forgotten him.

"I promise you'll have the time of your life." And so saying, Brother Sun lighted the way for the lonely old man.

"Surprise!" everyone yelled as the two arrived. Baby New Year sat atop a colossal cake. Nobody knew how many candles to put on it, so they chose him instead. Overwhelmed with emotions, Father Time dropped the World's Hourglass. At that precise instant, it was scooped up by the BlueSky Jester, who composed this ditty for the occasion:

Any time at all is the best one for you
What once was old becomes brand new
When the journey seems finished there's your start
Live not by the minutes but from your heart.

The crowd applauded wildly, and Father Time, touched by the whole world waiting to honor him, willingly emptied the hourglass of all but the original twenty-four hours. Now time, for the time being, runs like a clock again. Still, there are a few of us, like the ageless BlueSky Jester, who will always remember our story is a timeless one.


Arlene Gay Levine, author of Thirty-Nine Ways to Open Your Heart: An Illuminated Meditation (Conari Press), has had prose and poetry appear in many venues, including The New York Times, an off-Broadway show, and on CD. Her poetry is frequently anthologized, most recently in Serenity Prayers (Andrews McMeel, 2009). She tends her garden of roses, herbs, and words in Forest Hills, New York, where she is currently at work on a collection of her poems and a novel for middle graders.


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